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Study notes > section 5 > Flashcards

section 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Experimental control

A

Aka functional relations
Analysis
Control

When a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulations of some aspect of the individuals environment

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2
Q

4 important behavior elements

A

Behavior is individual

Behavior is continuous

Behavior is determined - by functional relations it holds to other events

Behavior variability is extrinsic to the organism

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3
Q

6 components of experiments in abs

A

At least one subject

At least on behavior

At least one setting

At least one treatment

A measurement system and ongoing analysis of data

An experimental design

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4
Q

Experimental question

A

Brief but specific statements of what the researcher wants to learn from experiment

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5
Q

At least 1 subject design

A

Aka
Single case designs
Within subject
Intra-subject design

Single subject doesn’t always mean one person- subject acts as his/her own control

Each subject (usually 4-8) data is graphed separately

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6
Q

At least 1 behavior

A

Aka dependent variable

1 DV is measured

Provide data patterns that can serve as controls for evaluating and replicating the effects of an IV

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7
Q

Collateral effect

A

Phenomenon in which the IV effects behaviors other than the targeted behavior

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8
Q

2 types of experimental designs

A

Nonparametric analysis

Parametric analysis

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9
Q

Nonparametric analysis

A

IV is either present or absent during study

Meds are given and taken away during study

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10
Q

Parametric analysis

A

The value of the IV is manipulated

Various doses of of medicine are given during the study

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11
Q

Treatment package

A

Aka behavioral package

When multiple Ivs are bundled into one program - such as token economic with praise and time out

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12
Q

Component analysis

A

Looks at effect of each part of treatment package

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13
Q

Steady state responding

A

Aka stable state responding

Pattern of responding that exhibits very little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time

Provides the basis for baseline logic

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14
Q

Baseline logic

A

Refers to experimental reasoning

Prediction
Verification
Replication

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15
Q

Steady state strategy

A

Repeated exposure of a given subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate extraneous influences on behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition

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16
Q

4 patterns of baseline data

A

DAVS

Descending baseline

Ascending baseline

Variable baseline

Stable baseline

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17
Q

3 parts of baseline logic

A

Prediction

Verification

Replication

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18
Q

5 main experimental designs

A

Multiple baseline

Changing criterion

Reversal

Alternating treatments

Withdrawal

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19
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

Most widely used

Can do multiple baseline across

Behaviors
Settings
Subjects

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20
Q

Multiple baseline across behaviors

A

2 or more different behaviors of the SAME SUBJECT

Each subject serves as his/her own control

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21
Q

Multiple baseline across settings

A

A single behavior is targeted in 2 or more different settings or conditions.

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22
Q

Multiple baseline across subjects

A

One target behavior for 2 or more subjects in the same settings

Most widely used multiple baseline design

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23
Q

2 variations of multiple baseline design

A

Multiple probe design

Delayed multiple baseline design

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24
Q

Multiple probe design

A

Analyzes relation between the IV and acquisition of skill sequence

Instead of simultaneous baselines, probes provide the basis for determining if behavior change occurred prior to intervention

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25
Q

Delayed multiple baseline design

A

I tail baseline and intervention begin and subsequent baselines are added in a delayed or staggered fashion

Effective when reversal design is not possible, limited resources preclude a full scale design and when a new behavior, subject, or setting becomes available.

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26
Q

Guidelines for multiple baseline design

A

Select independent, yet functionally similar baselines

Select concurrent and plausibly related multiplied baselines

Do not apply the IV to the next behavior too soon

Vary significantly the lengths of multiple baseline

Intervene on the most stable baselines first

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27
Q

Changing criterion design

A

Experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment

There is only one behavior in this design

28
Q

Guidelines for changing criterion design

A

Length of phases- vary the length of each phase

Magnitude of criterion change- size of change between each criterion should vary

Number of criterion changes - more changes the better proof

29
Q

Reversal design

A

Aka
A b a b B a b

Design where researcher reverses responding to a level obtained in a previous condition

Alternation between baseline and a particular intervention

Requires at least 3 consecutive phases-
Baseline A
Intervention B
Return to baseline A

A B A B is stronger that A B A design

30
Q

5 variations of reversal designs

A

Repeated reversals

BAB

Multiple treatment design

NCR reversal technique

DRO/DRA/DRI Reversal technique

31
Q

Repeated reversals

A

Simple extension of. ABAB

Ex ABABABABAB

The more reversals the stronger your evidence of control

32
Q

BAB reversals

A

Three phase reversal design

Phase 1 IV B

Phase 2 IV removed A

Phase 3 IV reintroduced B

Weaker than the ABA design because it is not enable assessment of the effects of the IV during baseline

Best design when your client displayed severe and dangerous behaviors as he did not wait to start intervention

33
Q

Sequence effects

A

Aka
Carryover effects
Alteration effects

Effects on the subjects behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subjects experience with the prior condition

Using an ABCBC design but you want to se what C does alone so you can go ACAC to assess it

34
Q

Multiple treatment reversal

A

A type of reversal design that compares two or more IVs to baseline and/or to one another

You can tell you are dealing with the multiple treatment reversal when letters are added like C or D

A b a c a b a c

A b c d a c a d

35
Q

Non-contingent reinforcement reversal technique

A

An experimental technique for showing the effects of reinforcement by using in NCR As a control condition instead of a baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided

Allows us to examine contingent reinforcement

36
Q

DRO/DRI/DRA reversal technique

A

An experimental technique for showing the effects of reinforcement by using DRO, DRA or DRI is a control condition instead of the baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided

37
Q

DRO

A

Reinforcement following any behavior other than the target behavior

38
Q

DRI

A

Reinforcement following behavior that is physically incompatible with the target behavior

39
Q

DRA

A

Reinforcement following an alternative behavior other than the target behavior

40
Q

Irreversibility

A

The level of behavior observed in an earlier phase cannot be reproduced even though experimental conditions are the same as when they were during the earlier phase

How to ride a bike is something that once you’ve learned it you cannot know how to not do it- its reversible

41
Q

Alternating treatment design

AKAs

A

SCAMMM

Simultaneous treatment design
Concurrent schedules design
Alternating treatments design
Multi element baseline design
Multi element design
Multiple schedules design
42
Q

Alternating treatments design

A

An experimental design and which two or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding and the differential effects on the target behavior are noted

Compares 2 or more IVs to one another to see which IV would be best to utilize with the client

43
Q

3 variations of alternating treatments design

A

Alternating treatments design Single phase without baseline

Alternating treatments design with baseline

Alternating treatments design with baseline and final best treatment phase

44
Q

Alternating treatment design single phase without baseline

A

Does not require initial baseline

45
Q

Alternating treatment design with baseline

A

Whenever possible baseline should be conducted as it shows the change produced by each treatment compared to the natural level of performance without an intervention

46
Q

Alternating treatment design with baseline and final best treatment phase

A

Most widely used of these designs

47
Q

3 problems avoided by alternating treatment designs

A

ISU

Irreversibility

Sequence effects

Unstable data

48
Q

Advantages of alternating treatment design

A

Does not require treatment withdrawal

Speedy comparison

Minimizes irreversibility problem

Minimizes sequence effects

Can be used with unstable data

Can be used to assess generality of effects

Intervention can begin immediately without baseline data

49
Q

Disadvantages of alternating treatment design

A

Multiple treatment interference

A natural nature of rapidly alternating treatments

Limited capacity of design

Selection of treatments

50
Q

2 types of validity in experimental designs

A

Internal validity

External validity

51
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables

52
Q

For confounding threats to internal validity

A

MISS

Measurement confounds

IV confounds

Subject confounds

Setting confounds

53
Q

Measurements confounds

A

Refers to the number in the intricacies of the behaviors you are targeting

May occur due to

Observer drift
Reactivity
Observer bias

54
Q

IV confounds

A

IVs are complicated and given together usually in a treatment package

Ex- giving money as reinforcer - also giving attention when you give the money- so is it money or attention that is the maintaining reinforcer???

55
Q

Subject confounds

A

Maturation- changes in subject over course of the study

Repeated measurement detects uncontrolled variables

56
Q

Settings confounds

A

Studies in natural settings are more prone to confounding variable’s then in controlled laboratories

You should hold all possible aspects of the study constant until repeated measurements again reveal stable responding

Bootleg reinforcement may also occur in the natural setting

57
Q

Bootleg reinforcement

A

Secretive reinforcement that is not part of your behavior plan

58
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Aka
Extraneous variables

Uncontrolled influence on a research study

Uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable

59
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any aspect of the environment that must be a constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation like lighting space temperature

60
Q

External validity

A

Hint external validity is generalizable to the external world

Degree to which is studies results are generalizable to other subjects settings and or behaviors

Replication establishes external validity

61
Q

Two major types of scientific replication method used in ABA

A

Direct replication

Systematic replication

62
Q

Direct replication

A

Researchers exactly duplicate a previous study

63
Q

Systematic replication

A

Research is purposely vary one or more aspect of an earlier experiment

Demonstrates reliability and external validity by showing the same affect can occur under different conditions

64
Q

Treatment integrity

A

Aka
Procedural Fidelity
Fidelity of implementation
Program integrity

Extent to which the IV is implemented or carried out as planned

Low treatment integrity is very difficult to interpret experimental results

65
Q

Treatment drift

A

An application of the IV in later phases differs from the original application

66
Q

Two types of errors in evaluating ABA research

A

Type one false positive
Assuming the IV affected the DV when it actually did not

Type two false negative
Assuming the ivy did not affect the TV when it actually did

Study notes (10 decks)

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