section 2 Flashcards
Response versus behavior
Behavior is a larger set/class of responses that share physical dimensions- like hand flapping
Response as a single instance of behavior
Response class
A group of behaviors that comprising operant they have the same function
similar behaviors that are strengthened or weakened collectively as a result of operant conditioning
Repertoire
All the behaviors you can do
Your knowledge and skills
Ex… shut the hell
Up
Environment
A complex dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to Instance
Evokes bx and follows bx
Stimuli
Physical events that affect the behavior of an individual
Maybe internal or External
Energy change that affects an organism through it’s receptor cells
Can happen prior to, during, or after a behavior
Three types of nervous systems
PIE
Proprioceptive- joints, tendons, muscles- needed for balance or movement
Interoceptive- organs
Exteroceptive- 5 senses
Stimulus class
Group of antecedent stimuli that has common effect on an operants class
Evoke or abate the same behavior or response class but may vary across physical dimensions
3 types of stimulus classes
FIT for the fun
Formal - physical features of stimuli (topography) size, color location etc….
Temporal- refers to time
Changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest and stimulus changes that follow a behavior of interest
Functional- understood best through their effects (function) on the behavior
Ex. Hearing a buzz mean text message on phone
Feature stimulus class
Can share Common topographies Common relative relations Infinite number of stimuli Developed through stimulus generalization
Concept of dog, house , tree etc
Arbitrary stimulus class
Random
Evoke the same response but do not share a common stimulus feature
Fruit- apple banana etc….I
QtQ
Consequences
Only affect future behavior
Formal stimulus class
Physical features of the stimuli
Temporal stimulus class
Refers to time
Stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior and stimulus changes that follow a behavior
Antecedents/consequences
Functional stimulus class
The effect of a he stimulus on the behavior
Like hearing a buzz May mean you have a text message
Automaticity
Product of natural learning
A person doesn’t have to know what a consequence means for it to work
Operant conditioning occurs automatically
Automatic reinforcement AKAs
Sensory
Self stimulatory
Stereotypy
A=a
Auto=alone
Positive reinforcement
What type???
Type 1
Presentation of the stimulus Increases future frequency of behavior
Sr+
Positive punishment
What type??
Type 1
Decreases future frequency of behavior
Negative reinforcement
What type?
Type 2
Removal of stimulus Increases future frequency of behavior
Sr-
Tylenol for a headache
Negative punishment
What type
Type 2
Decreases future frequency of behavior
Behavior contrast
When the rate of responding to a stimulus in one setting changes when the condition of reinforcement in the other setting gets modified
5 types of positive reinforcers
EATSS
Edible Activity Tangible Social Sensory
2 types of negative reinforcement
Escape
Avoidance
Escape
Response that stops an ongoing aversive stimulus
Walking out of a boring movie
Pull foot out of hot water
Avoidance
More common than escape
Prevents or postpones presentation of stimulus
2 types of avoidance
Discriminated avoidance
Free operant avoidance
Discriminated avoidance
Signal prevents onset of a stimulus
Warning or signal
Checking traffic before getting on interstate
Free operant avoidance
No warning
You just decide not to take interstate
Your avoidance was few to happen at any time
Unconditioned reinforcer/reinforcement
Aka
UCR
Primary reinforcer
Unlearned reinforcer
Unconditioned reinforcer/reinforcement
No learning history required
Stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without pairing
Phylogeny (genetics)
Food water
Conditioned reinforcer/reinforcement
AKAs
CR
Secondary reinforcer
Learned reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer/reinforcement
When neutral stimulus squires ability as a reinforcer through stimulus stimulus pairing
Ontogeny (learned)
Tone presented when you get food- the tone then becomes CR
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
Aka
Generalized reinforcer
GCSR
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
Type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
GCSRs are likely to be reinforcing at any time
Like money
Like praise
Punishment AKAs
Sd-
Sdp
Sp
Punishment based Sd
Punishment
Decreases future frequency of similar responses
It’s not what it looks like but what it does to the behavior that matters - defined by function, not topography
*effects of punishment can be temporary
Aversive stimulus
Unpleasant stimulus
5 types of positive punishment
ROSER
Reprimand Overcorrection Shock Exercise Response blocking
Overcorrection- 2 types
Restitutional overcorrection- pick up what you messed up but also more
Positive practice overcorrection- repeat the correct form of the behavior over and over for a certain amount of time/number of times
Negative punishment akas
Type 2 punishment
Penalty principal
Penalty contingent
Response cost - 2 types
BF
Bonus response cost- give additional contingent reinforcers and then take those away
We get 15 mins on play ground- I give an extra 15 mins today and then those would be the minutes I would take back from the client
Direct Fines- direct loss of free time
You lose 5 mins of free time
Time out AKAs
Time out from positive reinforcement
Two times of time outs
Non exclusionary and exclusionary time out
Negative punishment procedures
Response cost and time out
Non exclusionary time out
The individual isis not removed from the space
Preferred since it’s less restrictive
4 types of non exclusionary time out
IWOR
I wor a ribbon
Ignore/planned ignoring
Withdraw of a specific positive reinforcer
Observation/contingent observation
Ribbon/time out ribbon - colored band around wrist- ribbon on = can earn reinforcement
Ribbon off = can’t earn reinforcement
Exclusionary time out
Individual is removed from space
3 types of exclusionary time out
RPH
Room/time out room (outside of normal environment)
Partition time out (remains in room but view is restricted by wall/partition
Hallway- sits out in the hall
Positive punishment vs. negative reinforcement
Positive punishment = aversive event is added
Negative reinforcement= aversive event is removed
Unconditioned punishers/punishment
Aka
UCPs
Primary punishers
Unlearned punishers
Unconditioned punishers/punishment
No learning history required
Decreases the frequency of the behavior
Example- loud noise, hot temperature
Conditioned punishers/punishments
AKAs
CPs
Secondary punishers
Learned punishers
Conditioned punishers/punishment
Previously neutral stimulus now functions as a punisher because of pairing
Product of ontogeny
Tone paired with shock makes tone conditioned punisher
Generalized conditioned punishers
Type of conditioned punisher that has been purée with many unconditioned and conditioned punishers
Examples - no, don’t do that
Social disapproval’s- head shakes, scowls, etc…
Verbal analog conditioning
Verbal pairing procedure where a neutral stimuli can become conditioning punishers or reinforcers without direct pairing
Example- yellow pieces of paper mean something- so now we all try to earn yellow pieces of paper
Extinction aka
EXT
Operant extinction
Extinction
Behavior is still happening, but there is no reinforcement given
Goal is behavior decreases due to lack of reinforcement for
Extinction burst
Immediate increase in the frequency of responding when extinction is initially implemented
Operant extinction
Withholding reinforcement when the behavior occurs
Respondent extinction
Unpairing of a conditioned stimulus abs unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus control
Responses are reinforced only in the presence of a specific stimulus
Like phone rings and answer phone
Door bell rings- would you answer the phone???
Masking
Stimulus has acquired stimulus control but something is blocking the evocative function of the stimulus
Ex. I know the answers, but won’t answer with people around
Overshadowing
Presence of one stimulus condition interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by another stimulus
Watching band practice outside window instead of learning math
Discriminative stimulus
Sd
Stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type BA e. We. Reinforcer and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred but not been reinforced
Waiter is Sd for drinks
No waiter, no drinks
Stimulus Delta
Stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past
Stimulus generalization
Example mommy in presence of mommy but also in presence of other women
Stimuli share stimuli at physical properties
Stimulus discrimination
Saying mommy only for mommy
Tight degree of stimulus control
Generalized gradient aka
Stimulus generalization gradient
Generalization gradient
The gradient shows the relative degree of stimulus generalization and stimulus control
Flat slope little stimulus control
Increasing slope more stimulus control
Concept
Concept is not mentalist
It is a product of both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination
Concept of green
Conditional discrimination
A form of complex stimulus control in which the role of one discriminative stimulus is conditional on the presence of other discriminative stimulus
4 term contingency
Conditional stimuli -> antecedent stimuli -> response ->consequence
Ex. In USA you make the c sign with fingers which means peace- but in another country the same sign means F off… your response to this sign Varys depending on county
2 types of matching to sample
Identity - which is picture to picture - baby to baby
Symbolic - match word baby to picture of baby
Stimulus equivalence
The emergence of accurate responding to in-trained and non-reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of response to some stimulus-stimulus relations
A=B. B=c. Then a=c
Reflexivity
A=A
Picture of baby to picture of baby
Symmetry
A=B. B= A
Picture of baby to written word baby
Transitivity
A=B. B=C therefore C=A
C to A needs to have never been trained
A= Picture of baby
B=written word baby
C= To spoken word baby
Equivalence class
Is formed is all stimuli in that set are reflexive, symmetrical and transitive
Rule governed behavior
Aka- rule governance
Rule control
Rules
Verbal description of a behavioral contingency
Reinforcers are often delayed
Contingency shaped behavior
AKA contingency control
When a behavior is directly controlled by a contingency, not rules
Motivating operations
MO
MOs alters (increases/decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus and alters (increases/decreases) the frequency of the behavior
MO= MOment
2 types of MOs
Establishing operations
Abolishing operations
Establishing operations
MO that increases the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer, makes it more desirable
Value altering and behavior altering effect (evocative)
Abolishing operations
AO
MO that decreases the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer
Makes it less desirable
Value altering effect and behavior altering effect (abative)
UMO
Unconditioned motivating operations
For all organisms there are events,operations, and stimulus conditions with value altering motivating effects that are unlearned
CMOS
Conditioned motivating operations
A learned relation between the nature and value of an antecedent stimulus and the nature of a response
Ex. Needing a key for a locked door
9 UMOs for humans
Food deprivation Water deprivation Sleep deprivation Activity deprivation Oxygen deprivation Sex deprivation Becoming too warm Becoming too cold Increase in pain
