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BPK 207 > Section 5a: Motor System and Action > Flashcards

Section 5a: Motor System and Action Flashcards

1
Q

what is the top half of brain and brainstem called?

A

dorsal

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2
Q

what is bottom half of brain and brainstem called?

A

ventral

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3
Q

what is the top of head called?

A

superior

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4
Q

what is front of head called (face)

A

anterior

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5
Q

what is the back of the head called?

A

posterior

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6
Q

what is bottom of head called?

A

inferior

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7
Q

what is front of brain called?

A

rostral

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8
Q

what is back of brain called?

A

caudal

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9
Q

what are the 5 major divisions of the CNS?

A
  • spinal cord
  • cerebrum (aka telencephalon)
  • dice-halon
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
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10
Q

structure of the cerebrum

A

wrinkled grey matter 3-5 mm thick
Gyrus - is the ridge of wrinkle
Sulcus - the groove of 2 gyri

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11
Q

components of the cerebrum

A
  • hippocampus: memory and navigation
  • amygdala: memory and emotions
  • parts of the basal ganglia
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12
Q

what is contained in the diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus- all senses (except smell) go through this
  • subthalmaus
  • hypothalamus
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13
Q

what is contained in the brainstem

A
  • hindbrain (pons and medulla)
  • midbrain (tectum and tegmentum)
  • reticular foramen
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14
Q

explain the parts of the hindbrain

A

pons: main connection to the cerebrum
medulla: keeps you alive

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15
Q

explain the parts of tectum in the midbrain

A

superior colliculi: relates to movement of the eyes
inferior colliculi: relates to auditory system

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16
Q

what are the parts of the spinal cord?

A

coccygeal (1)
sacral (5)
lumbar( 5)
thoracic (12)
cervical (8)

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17
Q

what does each section of the spinal cord control?

A

cerivical - arms (upper limb muscles)
thoracic - trunk, chest and abdominal muscles
lumbar - legs and lower back
sacral - bowels and bladder

18
Q

what does the white matter and gray matter contain?

A

gray matter: made of cell bodies
white matter: axons forming the ascending and descending tracts

19
Q

what comes through the Doral roots in the grey matter?

A

sensory neurons (afferent)

20
Q

what comes through in the ventral roots of the grey matter?

A

motor neurons (efferents)

21
Q

how are spinal motor neurons organized in spinal cord?

A

aka alpha motoneurons
- the cell bodies like in longitudinal column called motor nuclei
- motor neurons for proximal muscles are medial
- motor neurons for distal muscles are lateral

22
Q

what informations does the ascending and descending tracts carry?

A

ascending tract: mostly sensory
descending tract: motor

23
Q

define what a motor unit represents and how they are organized?

A

it is the motor neuron and the muscle fibre its connected to
all the muscle fibres connected to one neuron are the same fibre type (fast or slow twitch)

24
Q

which type of motor unit is activate first and why?

A

slow twitch is activate first as they fatigue later, this saves energy of the muscle

25
Q

how does the connection of motor neuron to muscle fibre work?

A

each muscle fibre is connected to one neuron but one neuron can be connected to many muscle fibres

26
Q

what is a synaptic bouton?

A

it multiple bundles that come off the axon at the end plate

27
Q

what’re the 3 ways different ways the nervous system can increase muscle force

A
  • recruiting different size motor units
  • activating more motor units
  • increasing frequency of action potentials in the muscle fibre
28
Q

How does activating more motor units increase muscle force?
(what is the relationship between contractile force and motor unit size)

A

large motor units have more muscle fibres
so large muscles have many motor units

MU Y: 7 fibers
MU X: (5 fibers)

tension is increased by recruiting more motor units

29
Q

How can recruiting different size motor units increase muscle force?

A

low frequency of stimulation from CNS activates smaller motor units as they have a smaller threshold of activation

As the stimulation increases, it activates the large motor units as they have a higher threshold. Large motor units increase muscle force

30
Q

how does increasing frequency of action potentials in the muscle fibre increase muscle force

A

as the frequency increases the it eventually reaches maximum force generation, The slower the movement, the more stimulation which means higher frequency and larger motor units are recruited.

31
Q

Why do neurons form simple and complex neural pathways?

A

they have the ability to change other neurons ability to transmit information

32
Q

explain a why a monosynaptic stretch reflex happens and how?

A

it is used to maintain muscle length or position
- when muscle is stretched 1a afferent neuron directly signals the alpha motoneuron (monosynaptic) to contracts the muscle
- at the same time the 1a afferent neuron signals the 1a inhibitory interneuron to inhibit the alpha motorneuron for the antagonist muscle from firing (a disynaptic pathway)

33
Q

explain a why withdrawal (flexion) reflex happen and how?

A

used to remove limb from painful stimulus
- the painful stimulus is detected by the free nerve ending and sent through a sensor neuron
- pain and postural stimulus is sent to the brain through an ascending pathway
- at the same time, withdrawal stimulus is sent through a polysynaptic pathway to the muscles

34
Q

explain a crossed extension reflex and why happen

A

used to increase support when withdrawal flexion throws body of balance
- when a postural stimulus is received to the brain, motor neurons are on opposite limb are sent a stimulus to maintain balance

35
Q

explain sensory feedback control

A

descending commands can override the reflexes when needed to maintain task

36
Q

explain supraspinal modulation

A

supraspinal modulation can desensitize/sensitize an area to a stimulus to decrease/increase frequency needed for action to occur

37
Q

explain the components postal reflex

A

when balance perturbed
- SLR (short latency reflex): monosynaptic reflex
- MLR (medium latency reflex): integration of information from brainst;em
- LLR (long latency response) cortex information integrated as well (not really a reflex)

38
Q

explain how reflexes are adaptable

A

task dependant reflexes will stop movement of a muscle that is needed to maintain task

39
Q

what is a CPG?

A

central pattern generator, it is a neural network that has the ability to perform a rhythmic pattern of motor activity (usually continuous task) after being triggered sensory input (doesn’t need sensory to maintain it)

40
Q

how does a CPG work and where are they found?

A

found in the cerivla and lumbar sections or the spinal cord, the flexor and extensor circuits will mutually inhibit each other alternation the activation of each
example walking: so that a swing and stance phase occur

BPK 207 (12 decks)

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