section 4 Flashcards
1900-present - What factors caused states to change/modernize?
- Wars & economic crises (WWI, Great Depression)
- Decolonization
- Globalization
- Technological/scientific advancement
1900-present -How did nations modernize?
- Japan: Rapid industrialization early 1900s
- USSR & China: State-led modernization
- Latin America: Mixed reforms
- Africa/South Asia: Post-colonial struggles
1900-present -Did modernization come from below or above?
- USSR & China: From above, often by force
- India: Grassroots and elite-driven
- Western Europe: Gradual and democratic
1900-present -Has forced modernization been effective?
- Short-term: Rapid growth (e.g., Stalin’s 5-Year Plans)
- Long-term: Often unsustainable or repressive
1900-present -How did war evolve after 1900?
- “Total war” with civilian targets
- New tech: Tanks, planes, nukes
- Global scope (WWI & WWII)
1900-present -What were the effects of genocide/ethnic violence?
- Holocaust: Systematic genocide, 6M+ Jews
- Rwanda (1994), Balkans (1990s): Ethnic cleansing
- Ongoing trauma, global human rights awareness
1900-present -What caused WWI?
- Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (MAIN)
- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1900-present -Consequences of WWI?
- Collapse of empires (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian)
- Treaty of Versailles
- Rise of fascism
- Creation of League of Nations
1900-present -What caused WWII?
- Treaty of Versailles
- Expansionist totalitarian regimes (Germany, Japan)
- Appeasement failed
1900-present -Consequences of WWII?
- Holocaust
- United Nations formed
- Cold War began
- Decolonization accelerated
1900-present -What caused the Cold War?
- U.S. vs USSR ideologies (capitalism vs communism)
- WWII power vacuum
- Arms race & nuclear threat
1900-present -What ended the Cold War?
- Soviet economic collapse
- Reforms (glasnost, perestroika)
- Fall of Berlin Wall (1989), USSR dissolved (1991)
1900-present -Government responses to crises post-1900?
- U.S. New Deal to fight depression
- Totalitarianism in Europe (fascism, communism)
- Marshall Plan in Europe post-WWII
- military alliances (NATO, Warsaw pact)
1900-present -Compare major 20th-century revolutions.
- Russian (1917): Communist state
- Chinese (1949): Communist, Mao-led
- Cuban (1959): Marxist-Leninist
- Iranian (1979): Islamic theocracy
1900-present -How did decolonization happen?
- Peaceful: India, Ghana
- Violent: Algeria, Vietnam, Kenya
1900-present -Economic effects of decolonization?
- Often unstable
- Continued reliance on former colonial powers
- Creation of new elites, economic inequality
1900-present -Cultural effects of decolonization?
- Revival of local languages/traditions
- Identity struggles in post-colonial societies
1900-present -Scientific breakthroughs & impact?
- Nuclear energy, space race, internet
- Medicine: vaccines, antibiotics
- Changed war, daily life, economy
1900-present -How did tech reduce geographic distance?
- Air travel, internet, satellites
- Instant global communication
- Spread of culture and ideas
1900-present -How did science/tech affect social structures & environment?
- Automation reduced manual labor
- Urbanization intensified
- Environmental degradation increased (pollution, deforestation)
1900-present -Government responses to economic trends after 1900?
- Regulation (New Deal in response to Great Depression)
- neoliberalism (free market, privatization, reduce role of state in economy)
- Austerity - reducing state deficit - reducing expenses and increasing taxes (1980-1990’s debt crisis)
- Global trade alliances (EU, NAFTA)
1900-present -How did states redistribute resources?
- Social programs
- Land reforms (China, Mexico)
- Consequences: Growth or instability depending on context
1900-present -How did globalization change state interactions?
- More interdependence
- Outsourcing, multinational corporations
- Trade wars, cultural diffusion
1900-present -Effects of globalization on culture?
- Westernization
- Cultural blending
- Backlash: fundamentalism, cultural preservation movements
