section 3 Flashcards
1750–1900: How did state power shift in different parts of the world?
- Western Europe: More political representation (e.g., revolutions)
- Japan: Centralization under Meiji
- Ottoman Empire & China: Weakened traditional states
- Colonies: Shifted under imperial control
1750–1900: Compare forms of government and rule.
- Monarchies weakened (France, Britain)
- Constitutional governments rose
- Colonial rule in Asia, Africa
- Socialism & Communism as alternatives emerged
What caused revolutions in the Atlantic world?
- Enlightenment ideas
- Economic grievances (taxation, inequality)
- Influence of other revolutions (e.g., American on French)
What were the effects of these revolutions?
- U.S.: Independent republic
- France: Fall of monarchy, rise of republic
- Haiti: First successful slave revolt
- Latin America: Independence from Spain/Portugal
1750–1900: What impact did the Enlightenment have?
- Inspired democratic revolutions
- Promoted individual rights, secularism
- Challenged monarchy and church power
1750–1900: Compare major political and economic ideologies.
- Liberalism: Rights, democracy
- Conservatism: Tradition, monarchy
- Socialism: State control, worker rights
- Capitalism: Private enterprise
- Communism: Classless society
1750–1900: What factors led to industrialization?
- Coal, iron, waterways
- Agricultural Revolution
- Capital investment
- Political stability in Britain
What impact did industrialization have on politics and society?
- Rise of middle and working classes
- Labor movements
- Urbanization
- Child labor, poor working conditions
What were the environmental effects of industrialization?
- Pollution
- Deforestation
- Urban crowding
- Resource depletion
1750–1900: How did non-Western states modernize?
- Japan: State-led, rapid (Meiji Restoration)
- China: Limited, resisted reforms (Self-Strengthening Movement)
- Ottoman Empire: Tanzimat reforms
- India: Under British control, little autonomy
Was industrialization top-down or bottom-up?
- Japan: Top-down (government-directed)
- Britain: Bottom-up (private sector-driven)
1750–1900: What new global trade patterns emerged?
- Raw material exports from colonies
- Factory goods from industrialized nations
- Railroads & canals facilitated trade (e.g., Suez)
How did new trade patterns affect labor and politics?
- Increased coerced/semi-coerced labor (slavery, indenture)
- Exploitation of colonies
- Tensions over control of resources
What were alternatives to capitalism?
- Socialism: Wealth redistribution, worker protection
- Communism: Elimination of class system
- Utopian socialism: Ideal communities
Strengths and weaknesses of these alternatives?
- Strengths: Addressed inequality, worker rights
- Weaknesses: Lack of incentives, authoritarian tendencies
How did gender and family dynamics change in industrialized areas?
- Women entered factory work
- Decline of home-based production
- Middle-class women: Domestic roles
- Working-class women: Dual burden
How did gender roles differ across regions?
- Western women had growing rights (education, suffrage movements)
- In colonies: Women had fewer rights, more labor burdens
1750–1900: What motivated imperialism?
- Economic: Raw materials, markets
- Political: Power, prestige
- Ideological: Social Darwinism, “civilizing mission”
What changes did imperialism bring?
- Redrawing of borders
- Resource extraction
- Cultural erosion
- Resistance and nationalist movements
Compare resistance to imperialism.
- India: Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
- China: Boxer Rebellion (1900)
- Africa: Zulu resistance, Ethiopia defeated Italy
What were effects of Western intervention?
- Colonization
- Infrastructure built but for exploitation
- Western education and legal systems imposed
What revolutionary challenges emerged to regimes?
- Revolts due to nationalism (Latin America)
- Slave uprisings (Haiti)
- Worker unrest in industrial societies
Compare types of resistance and rebellion.
- Armed revolts (Haiti, India)
- Passive resistance (economic refusal, culture preservation)
1750–1900: How did China respond to foreign pressure?
- Resisted reforms
- Opium Wars, unequal treaties
- Boxer Rebellion
