Chapter 9 - Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Why was the Industrial Revolution significant?
It transformed economies from agriculture to industrial, increased production, technological progress, and changed social structures worldwide.
What were the differences between the First and Second Industrial Revolutions?
The First (1750-1850) focused on textiles, steam, and iron, steam engine while the Second (1850-1900) introduced steel, electricity, chemicals, fertilizers, and mass production.
How was the Industrial Revolution connected to political revolutions?
It fueled new ideologies like socialism and communism, increased demands for political representation, and influenced labor movements.
What social and economic changes occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
- Social class structures shifted
- urbanization
- middle classes grew
- economic production moved from homes to factories
How did access to natural resources impact industrialization?
Areas rich in coal and iron, like Britain and the U.S., became industrial centers, while resource-poor areas stayed behind
Why was the railroad a symbol of the Industrial Revolution?
Relatively cheep transportation, mass movement of products and people, connected industrial centers to markets.
How did industrial production transform the English aristocracy?
The aristocracy lost economic dominance as wealth shifted to industrial capitalists/businessmen
What was the effect of industrialization on the middle class?
It expanded the middle class, creating new jobs in management, finance, and skilled professions.
How did the Industrial Revolution change gender roles?
Women entered factories but were paid less; the middle-class ideal of domesticity confined them to home life.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect laboring classes?
It led to harsh working conditions, low wages, child labor
What were the consequences of rapid urbanization?
Overcrowding, disease, poor sanitation, pollution, and increased crime.
How did industrialization lead to political reforms?
It sparked demands for workers’ rights, suffrage expansions, and social welfare programs.
What is the main idea of Karl Marx’s theories?
History is driven by class struggle, and capitalism would be replaced by a classless society.
Which classes opposed socialism?
Industrial capitalists and the upper middle class, fearing loss of wealth and power.
How did Western European governments respond to Marx’s theories?
Some reformed labor laws to appease workers, while others suppressed socialist movements.
(Reforms such as - increased wages, voting rights (for men), abolishment of child labor, regulation of factory conditions, mandatory school for children)
What migration patterns did the Industrial Revolution initiate?
Europeans moved to cities and millions emigrated to the Americas and elsewhere for jobs and land.
Why did Europeans migrate to other parts of the world?
Migrating to: Economic opportunities, land availability
Migrated from: political unrest, overpopulation of cities, famine.
What are examples of state-sponsored industrialization?
Russia’s state-driven railroads and Japan’s Meiji Restoration industrial policies.
Examples of non-state-sponsored industrialization
In Britain and the U.S., private entrepreneurs and investors drove industrial growth.
Difference between U.S. and Russia’s industrialization?
The U.S. had a capitalist democracy that encouraged private enterprise, while Russia’s autocracy led to state-driven industrialization.
How were industrial outcomes similar in Europe, the U.S., Russia, and Japan?
All saw urbanization, social change, class tensions, and political reform.
How did industrialization differ in the U.S. and Russia?
The U.S. relied on private business and innovation, while Russia depended on government initiatives.
What advantages did Europe and the U.S. have in industrialization?
Access to capital, political stability (relatively), abundant natural resources, and large labor forces.
Why did Marxist socialism not develop in the U.S.?
Higher wages, homeownership, ethnic diversity, and lack of a rigid class system.
What factors contributed to revolution in Russia?
Industrial hardships, poor working conditions, class inequalities, and political oppression.
Which empires expanded due to industrialization?
Britain and the U.S. expanded their global influence through economic and military strength.
Which empires collapsed due to industrialization?
The Ottoman and Qing dynasties (China)
What process led Latin America to increased global economic connections?
The export boom of raw materials like coffee, rubber, and sugar.
How did industrial production shift in Latin America compared to Europe?
Latin America focused on raw material exports, while Europe developed manufacturing industries.
How were social changes in Latin America similar to or different from Europe?
Both saw urbanization and class shifts, but Latin America retained more rigid racial and class divisions.
How did the Mexican Revolution compare to earlier revolutions?
It had both political and social elements, seeking land reform and worker rights.
What was the role of women in the Mexican Revolution vs. the French Revolution?
Mexican women fought as soldiers (soldaderas), while French women pushed for political rights.
What is the concept of dependent development?
Latin America’s economy depended on foreign investment rather than domestic industrial growth.
What was the “ideology of domesticity”?
It idealized women as homemakers, reinforcing gender roles in the middle class.
What was progressivism?
A movement in the U.S. advocating for labor rights, social justice, and economic reforms.
Who were the caudillos?
Military strongmen who ruled parts of Latin America after independence.
How did railroads impact Latin America’s economy?
They connected mines and plantations to ports, increasing trade efficiency.
How did industrialization shape global migration patterns?
It drove millions to migrate for work, especially from Europe to the Americas.
How did the Industrial Revolution set the stage for future conflicts?
Economic rivalries, resource competition, and labor unrest contributed to global tensions.
How were industrial outcomes different in Russia and Japan?
Russia: Industrialization state-sponsored
- focusing on heavy industries like railroads and steel.
- Harsh working conditions and lack of political reforms led to worker unrest, contributing to the Russian Revolution in 1917
Japan Industrialization state-sponsored (Meiji Restoration)
- modernized infrastructure, education, and industry
- successfully blending Western technology with traditional social structures (no major social unrest or revolution, allowing Japan to become a major industrial power)
