Chapter 6 - Economic TRanformation Flashcards
What sparked Europe’s interest in Indian Ocean trade?
Demand for tropical spices like pepper, cloves, and cinnamon.
Why Europeans wanted to bypass Venetian and Muslim traders?
To avoid their control of the trade
How did Europe’s trade deficit drive exploration?
They needed gold and silver to buy Asian goods.
What was Vasco da Gama’s key achievement?
Found a sea route to India (1497–1499).
Who was Prester John?
A mythical ally against Islamic powers.
How did the Portuguese establish control of the trade in the Indian Ocean?
By setting up fortified trading posts and using military force to dominate key trade routes.
How did Portuguese interactions in the Indian Ocean differ from those in the Americas?
In the Indian Ocean, they integrated into existing trade networks, while in the Americas, they colonized land and exploited resources directly.
What goods drove Portuguese expansion in the Indian Ocean?
spices like pepper, nutmeg, and cloves
How did Spain establish control in the Philippines?
Through colonization and converting locals to Christianity
What role did Manila, Philippines play in global trade?
central point for silver and goods exchange between Asia and the Americas.
How did Spain’s approach in the Philippines differ from Portuguese actions in the Indian Ocean?
Spain focused on land-based colonization and Christianization, while Portugal relied on naval power and trade posts.
How were the both British and Dutch East India Companies organized?
private companies with state support
How did the Dutch and British East India Companies differ in their strategies
The Dutch (bloodshed) used military force to dominate trade routes, while the British (bribe)negotiated with local rulers
What part Dutch East Indian Company focused on?
Indonesia
What part British East India Company focused on?
India
What goods Dutch East India Company and British East India Company focused on?
Dutch - Spices - nutmeg, mace, clover
British - pepper, indian cotton textile.
Later, both started to deal with tea and coffee
Japan and European Traders 1450-1750
First, Japan was fractioned and fight with each other and European traders were welcome and bunch of people converted to Christianity.
Then Japan united and Europeans were seen as a threat. Christians were expelled, Japanese were forbidden to travel and most traders were banned (except Dutch at a single town)
Who dominated Indian Ocean trade despite European presence?
Chinese dominated spice trade between Southeast Asian and China.
Other southeast asian merchants were also there, many of them women
How did Indian family firms effected the trade?
They controlled trade in India and provided high-interest loans to Europeans
Where was majority of silver produced?
Spanish America
Why did China become central to the silver trade?
Tax reforms requiring silver payments ( –> increased commercialization and regional specialization —> deforestation)
What was the significance of Potosí in Bolivia?
A major silver mining city, it became one of the largest cities globally
How did Spain handle its silver wealth?
rich crown, rigid economy, inflation, poverty, crisis
How did Japan benefit from silver profits?
Japan united under Tokugawa shogun
economy growths, protecting forest
