Chapter 11 Flashcards
What was the Taiping Uprising?
The Taiping Uprising (1850-1864) was a massive rebellion in China led by Hong Xiuquan, aiming to establish a new kingdom, fueled by dissatisfaction with Qing rule, economic hardship, and Western influence. It was crushed by Qing forces with Western help, resulting in millions of deaths, weakening China and leading to further Western intervention. The failure of the Qing Dynasty to restore control fueled future uprisings, contributing to the collapse of imperial rule and influencing the Chinese Revolution of 1911.
What caused the Opium Wars?
The Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) were caused by China’s refusal to allow the British to trade opium freely. Britain’s desire for greater trade access and the resulting unequal treaties led to Chinese humiliation.
Who was Commissioner Lin Zexu?
Commissioner Lin Zexu was a Chinese official who fought the opium trade by enforcing laws and destroying opium stocks, which led to the First Opium War and later his exile.
What were the unequal treaties?
The unequal treaties were agreements China and other nations signed under duress, granting Western powers concessions such as trade privileges and territorial rights, weakening China’s sovereignty.
What is meant by informal empire?
An informal empire refers to a situation where a country exerts indirect control over another through economic dominance and political influence, rather than direct colonization.
What was the self-strengthening movement in China?
The self-strengthening movement (1860s-1890s) was an attempt by China to modernize its military and industry by adopting Western technology while preserving Confucian traditions.
What was the Boxer Uprising?
The Boxer Uprising (1899-1901) was a nationalist, anti-foreign movement in China. It was crushed by an eight-nation alliance of Western powers and Japan. China was forced to pay massive reparations, and the Qing Dynasty’s authority was further weakened.
What was the Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912?
The Chinese Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty, ending imperial rule in China.
How did the Ottoman Empire react to European pressure in the 19th century?
The Ottoman Empire faced decline due to internal problems and external pressure from European powers
What was the Sick Man of Europe?
The Sick Man of Europe was a term used to describe the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, reflecting its weakening power and inability to modernize in the face of European imperialism.
What was the Tanzimat?
The Tanzimat (1839-1876) was a series of Ottoman reforms aimed at modernizing the military, bureaucracy, and legal system, and granting more rights to non-Muslims and promoting equality.
However, they faced resistance from conservative factions and failed to halt the Ottoman Empire’s decline. While they sparked new ideas about citizenship and nationalism, the reforms deepened tensions between modernizers and traditionalists.
Who was Sultan Abdulhamid II?
Sultan Abdulhamid II ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909, implementing some reforms but also reversing others, and using authoritarian methods to maintain power.
Who were the Young Ottomans and Young Turks?
The Young Ottomans (mid-1800s) sought to blend Islamic values with Western reforms, pushing for a constitution and parliament.
The Young Turks (late 1800s–early 1900s) aimed for secularism, nationalism, and restoring the constitution, influencing the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of modern Turkey.
What was Tokugawa Japan?
Tokugawa Japan (1603-1868) was a period of peace and isolation under the Tokugawa shogunate, which maintained strict control over foreign relations and internal governance.
How did the Meiji Restoration transform Japan?
The Meiji Restoration (1868) restored imperial rule in Japan, leading to rapid modernization and industrialization, transforming Japan into a competitive global power.
What was Japan’s reaction to American intrusion?
Japan opened its doors to the West after Commodore Perry’s visit in 1853, leading to the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) and the end of Japan’s isolation, initiating rapid modernization under the Meiji Restoration.
How did Japan interact with the world during the Meiji period?
Japan expanded its influence through military victories, like the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), gaining territories such as Korea and Taiwan, marking the rise of a new East Asian power.
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was a conflict between Japan and Russia over influence in Manchuria and Korea. Japan’s victory marked the rise of Japan as a major imperial power.
How did China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan respond to European pressure?
China resisted through uprisings and reforms, but failed to prevent foreign domination.
The Ottoman Empire attempted reforms but struggled with internal issues.
Japan responded by embracing modernization, eventually becoming a global power.
