Section 2 Flashcards
What did Martin Luther do in 1517 that Henry criticised?
Pinned his 95 theses to the door of Wittenburg Cathedral
When did Henry cease marital relations with Catherine of Aragon?
1524
In what year did the Spanish Ambassador Chapuys report that Henry VIII had organised a secret meeting to discuss a potential annulment?
1527
When was Blackfriar’s Court?
1529
When did Thomas More become Chancellor and who did he replace?
1529; Wolsey
Who was the Pope’s emissary at Blackfriar’s Court?
Cardinal Campeggio
Who were Catherine of Aragon’s national supporters?
Thomas More and John Fisher
Who were Catherine of Aragon’s international supporters?
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
In what year did Henry become interested in Anne?
1526
Who gave Henry a copy of “A Supplication for the Beggars”
Anne Boleyn
When were Henry and Anne married and who conducted the service?
1533; Thomas Cranmer
Who were the two members of the King’s household who spoke in defence of Catherine of Aragon?
Sir Nicholas Carew and Sir Henry Guildford
Which two Lords supported Catherine of Aragon?
Lords Darcy and Hussey
In what year was Anne Boleyn executed?
1536
When did Catherine of Aragon die?
1536
When did Thomas Cranmer become Archbishop of Canterbury and who did he replace?
1532; William Warham
Why did William Warham annoy Henry VIII?
He stuck with the papal line against his annulment
What was Anne Boleyn’s coronation used for and how?
To manage public opinion and gain support for the break with Rome; it was full of symbolism for a new beginning
What happened in 1536 that is thought to have made Henry a tyrant?
A jousting accident
From which book in the Bible did Henry use to justify the calls of the illegitimacy of his marriage to Catherine due to her previous marriage to his brother Arthur?
Leviticus (20:21)
What evidence is there that Henry VIII was a convinced Catholic in 1529?
His attacks on Martin Luther’s 95 thesis and daily attendance at mass and going on pilgrimage to Walsingham
What was the relationship between Catherine and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain?
He was her nephew
Who was the Spanish ambassador to England who kept Charles informed about Henry’s marital situation?
Eustace Chapuys
Who was the Bishop of Rochester who supported Catherine and was later executed for treason?
John Fisher
When and why was John Fisher executed?
1535; for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy
When was Act to Remove Benefit of Clergy passed by Parliament?
1529
When were Praemunire charges brought against leading Churchmen
1530
When was the Submission of the Clergy passed?
1532
When was the Supplication of the Ordinaries passed?
1532
When was the Act to Remove Annates?
1532
When was the Act in restraint of Appeals?
1533
What three acts were passed in 1534?
Act forbidding Papal Dispensation and the Payment of Peter’s Pence
Act of Succession
Act of Supremacy
Explain what a charge of Praemunire means
To appeal to a power outside of the realm for the resolution of a situation within England that is under the jurisdiction of the crown
What was the Supplication against the Ordinaries
This was a petition made by the MPs that complained that the clergy had excessive powers and control; some of those listed included mortuary fees, the number of Holy Days, and the way the Church gained money
Explain what is meant by Annates
A payment made by English bishops to the Church in Rome during their first year from the income paid to them by the Diocese
Who denied the Act of Supremacy and were executed and when?
1535; Thomas More and John Fisher
When did Henry add the title of Supreme Head of the Church to his name?
1535 although power came from Act of Supremacy, 1534
What did the Order of the Preachers restrict/prevent and when was it published?
1535; prevented Priests from talking about controversial ideas, telling them what not to talk about in their sermons, such as evangelical ideas
What and when was the Valor Ecclesiasticus?
1535; A full audit of Church property instigated by Cromwell that provided Henry with the opportunity to dissolve the monasteries
How much did Henry charge the clergymen to remove the charge of Praemunire?
£100,000
How many clergymen were accused of Praemunire in 1530?
15
What complaints were issued in the Supplication against the Ordinaries (1532)?
The number of Holy Days Untrue charges of heresy Mortuary fees Tax sizes Excessive amounts of power
When was the Act to Remove Annates?
1532
What was unusual about the Act to remove Annates that had not previously been seen in 1532?
It did not receive full support from the House of Commons. Henry VIII himself was present in Parliament to see it through.
What powers did Henry gain from the Act of Supremacy?
He held the right to collect the First Fruit and Tenths and it became treasonous to call the king a heretic or schismatic
What is the Collectanea Stasis Capiosa and when was it compiled?
1530; A collection of historical documents forming an argument that kings had no superiors on Earth
Who was Elizabeth Barton?
A servant girl who claimed to have visions from God - she met Henry twice
When did Thomas More resign as Chancellor?
1532
What was different about the reformation parliament of 1529?
The bills were put forward by the king’s ministers instead of MPs
Which Act of succession made Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate?
Second
When was Cromwell appointed Vicegerent and what did that give him?
1535; power over the administration of the Church
Who in Henry’s council was an evangelical?
Cromwell
Whose beliefs did the Order of the Preachers try to prevent spreading?
Evangelicals
When were Cromwell’s injunctions and what did they require?
1536; required every parish to have a Bible in English
What is the date range of the ‘Reformation Parliament’?
1529-36
Who in the church were most parliamentarians most concerned with at the opening of parliament?
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
What positions in the church did Wolsey hold in 1529?
Cardinal, Archbishop of York, Bishop of Winchester and Bishop of Durham
The Act to remove the Annates in 1532 involved what?
Ending payments from the English church to Rome
What was the effect of the Act for the Restraint of Appeals in 1533?
The end of Papal authority on church matters in England
What was the effect of the Act of Succession of 1534?
Henry’s marriage to Catherine declared illegitimate, children of Anne declared next in line to the throne and those not swearing an oath acknowledging this would be committing treason
What type of laws were passed during this Parliament? What does this mean?
Statute laws, sometimes referred to as “King in Parliament” (laws made by the Parliament and King together) are more effective than laws made by Parliament or the King alone
When was Elizabeth Barton executed and why?
1534; for treason (claiming the king would die if he married Anne)
When and why were the Carthusian monks executed?
1535; for refusing to take the oath of Supremacy
When and why was Thomas More executed?
1535; for refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy
What did Cromwell do when he came into power after More?
He shifted legislation from putting pressure on the Pope to creating an independent state
Who married Henry VIII after Anne Boleyn?
Jane Seymour
Who was in charge of orchestrating the death of Anne Boleyn?
Thomas Cromwell
Who’s influence would be increased through the Boleyn marriage and who was his biggest rival?
Duke of Norfolk; Wolsey
When was Cromwell confirmed as Chief Minister and Principal Secretary?
1534
What was Cranmer’s role in the Boleyn faction?
Providing intellectual justifications for the divorce
Who was the most senior member of the Boleyn faction at court?
Duke of Norfolk
Who is deemed to have been responsible for the management of parliament during the so called Reformation Parliament?
Thomas Cromwell
Who did Thomas Cromwell replace as the King’s principal advisor?
Thomas More
Where was Anne Boleyn coronated queen of England in 1533?
Westminster Abbey
Thomas More was executed for treason in 1535 based on what act of parliament?
Act of Supremacy
What Bishop was executed in 1535 for his refusal to swear the oath of loyalty to Henry VIII acknowledging him as Supreme Head of the Church and Anne Boleyn as the Queen?
John Fisher
Who prophesied that Henry would die a year after divorcing Catherine?
Elizabeth Barton
Where is Catherine of Arragon buried?
Peterborough Cathedral
Anne Boleyn was tried and executed for treason in May 1536. What was she accused of?
Affairs with members of court and her brother
Who was responsible for providing the evidence against Anne?
Thomas Cromwell
Henry’s next wife Jane Seymour, held what position when she met Henry?
Lady in waiting to Anne Boleyn
How long did Henry wait to marry Jane Seymour after the execution of Anne
10 days
What was the purpose of the Second Act of Succession of 1536?
Declare Mary and Elizabeth as illegitimate and declare Edward as the sole heir to the throne
What position in the Church did Cromwell use to direct the church practices away from traditional Catholicism?
Vicegerent
What was the key part of the Injunctions introduced by Cromwell in 1536?
Every parish had to have an English Bible
Who were the two key powers in Europe during the 1520s?
Charles V and Francis I (The Roman Empire and France) who were fighting over Italian territory
What is the balance of power?
No one power on its own had the forces to defeat another on its own without a third party (this third party holds the balance of power)
When did Henry and Anne visit Francis I and what was his reaction?
1532; he refused to greet Anne but his treatment of Henry was sufficient recognition of their relationship for them to sleep together for the first time
Why did Wolsey encourage Anne’s relationship with Henry?
To cultivate their links with France to make England hold the Balance of Power
Why wouldn’t Henry marry Anne without Francis I’s approval?
The two biggest powers in Europe would be against him
Why was Reginald Pole important?
Strong claim to throne
What did Henry try to bribe Pole with? Why?
Archbishopric of York; support annulment publicly
Who are two royal Humanists?
Henry and Catherine
When was Mary born? To who?
1516; Catherine
Which Old Testament book objects annulment?
Deuteronomy 25:1 Marry your brother’s widow
When Eustace Chapuys Imperial Ambassador to the English court?
1529-45
Who did Eustace Chapuys support in England? Why?
Catherine; Humanist
What was Catherine’s reason for believing in the legitimacy of her marriage?
Received papal dispensation to marry Henry
When did Henry confront Catherine regarding an annulment?
1527
Who did Henry rely on to seek an annulment from the Pope? Why?
Wolsey; Legatus a latere
Why did Wolsey fall out of favour with Henry?
Failed to produce an annulment despite assuring him
How many books did John Fisher write in support of Catherine’s marriage?
7
Who is believed to be the real author of the attack on Martin Luther?
John Fisher
Why was the Pope reluctant to respond to the annulment?
Held captive in Castel San Angelo by Charles V
Who were Catherine’s intellectual supporters in Europe? What did they argue?
European scholars; Argued Henry misinterpreted Levitican text
Why did Wolsey choose France over Spain for stronger ties?
Anne had close links with the French court
What did Anne give to Henry VIII?
Supplication of the Beggars
When was the Supplication of the Beggars written? By who?
1529; Simon Fish
Whose case was brought up in Parliament to highlight anticlericalism?
Richard Hunne
When was the Act Of Attainder passed against Wolsey? What did it do?
1529; confiscate his property
What is Thomas Cromwell’s background?
From banking family in Netherlands - sympathetic to new religious ideas
When was Cromwell made a Privy Councillor?
1530
When did the convocation meet?
1531
Why did the convocation accept Henry’s terms?
Weakened by the fall of Wolsey
What clause was added to Henry’s title? Why?
“As far as the word of God allows” - continued belief in canon law
Who presented the grievances to Parliament in 1532?
Edward Hall; Supplication of the Ordinaries
Why did the Pope not take Henry’s Acts seriously?
Regarded them as temporary
What was the impact of the Act for Restraint of Appeals, 1533?
1533; Convocation of Canterbury claims only English Court could nullify marriage, not Pope
Who designed the Act for Restraint of Appeals? Why?
Cromwell; To prevent Catherine from seeking support from Rome
Who was given the right to elect bishops and abbots in 1534?
King
When was Catherine banished from court?
1533
Why was the Pope unable to respond to appeals?
Acts passed by Parliament
Who did Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cranmer have the support of?
Cromwell
What did Henry use as justification to seize legal powers to grant the annulment?
The Pope’s silence
When was Thomas More made Chancellor?
1529
When did More resign? [detail]
Day after the Submission of the Clergy
When was More invited to Anne’ ls coronation? What was the outcome?
1533; Didn’t attend which infuriated Henry
Who supplied evidence against Thomas More on charges of treason?
Richard Rich, Solicitor General
How many Carthusian Monks refused to take the oath?
5
Who were Carthusian Monks to Henry?
Spiritual advisers
What did Henry’s execution of the Monks, Barton, More and Anne show?
Henry was unwilling to compromise on his wants
Who was Jane Seymour’s father?
Sir John Seymour
What influenced political and religious policy by 1536?
Councillors, domestic and foreign affairs, Henry’s own beliefs
What did Evangelicals question about Catholicism?
Power of priesthood and salvation
What word did Tyndale translate differently?
Catholic translation of “charity” to “love”
Which topics did the Order of the Preachers 1535 restrict?
Purgatory, priest wives, salvation by faith
How much had changed structurally in the Church by 1536?
Not much structurally; Episcopal system remained
What did Cromwell plan to do with Church wealth?
Fund Henry’s defensive and expansive methods; invasion of France
