Section 1 Flashcards
How did the Church participate in politics?
Abbots and bishops sat in the House of Lords until their removal during the Dissolution of the Monasteries
What is heresy?
The holding of beliefs which contradicted the established doctrine of the Church in Rome
What is the liturgy?
The form of services held in the Church
How many monasteries were in England in 1529?
More than 850
What is the most senior position in the church?
Cardinal
Who is the most senior person in the church in England?
Archbishop of Canterbury
What is an abbot?
The head of a monastic house
Other than cardinal, what positions were held by Cardinal Wolsey?
1 - Archbishop of York
2 - Chancellor
3 - Principle Advisor
4 - Legatus A Latere
What is another phrase for church law?
Canon law
What authority did Popes have over kings?
The power to excommunicate them from the Church
What is the name of the taxation paid by people amounting to one tenth of their income?
Tithe
What was the only crime that a church court could execute someone for?
Heresy
What is a chantry?
A place where prayers for the dead are said, often in a side chapel of the Church
How many monasteries were in England in 1529?
More than 850
How many parishes was England divided into in 1529?
9000
How much money did the Pope gain from taxes in England in 1529?
£4500
How much money did the king gain from taxes in England in 1529?
£12,500
How far away were most parishes from a monastery?
Within four miles
What service did monks provide to the gentry?
Teaching their sons
Which abbey owned a number of fisheries and mills that allowed it to be self-sustaining?
Roche Abbey
What was the concept from the church that explained the hierarchy of society?
Chain of being
What organisation was created for individuals to join to contribute to a chantry?
Lay religious guild
What was the place where souls would be held for a period of time after death to atone for sins committed during life?
Purgatory
In what language was Mass said?
Latin
What is the definition of transubstantiation?
When the priest actually transforms the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ during mass
Alongside your faith, what else did Catholics believe would lead to an eternal life?
Carrying out good works
What is a pilgrimage?
To visit a place of special religious significance
How many sacraments made up the Catholic faith?
7
What was the priest only able to do that no one else could?
Administer the sacraments
What did Henry VII build to stabilise the position of the Tudors with the Pope?
Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey
What did the Church use to communicate to the illiterate which showed what would happen to sinners?
Walls and doom paintings depicting purgatory or Hell
What invention in the period led to the spread of different religious ideas?
The printing press
What is the definition of a martyr?
A person killed for their religious beliefs
What is the religious group that believed that Christianity should be based on the Bible and not the interpretation of priests and that all should have access to an English Bible?
Lollardy
What is the belief that those who are going to heaven has already been decided by God before birth?
Predestination
Who originally translated the Bible into English against church law in the 14th century and who followed this in 1526?
John Wycliffe; William Tyndale
What is the belief that the monarch and not the Pope should be responsible for religion in their own land and which group originally held this belief?
Royal Supremacy; Lutherans
Who wrote ‘A supplication of the beggars’ in 1529 criticising the abuses in the church?
Simon Fish
What is the definition of Humanism?
An intellectual movement seeking a return to the original Greek texts of the Bible to further understand the scriptures
Who is the most famous Humanist of the period?
Erasmus
In what year did Martin Luther nail his challenge to the papacy to the Wittenberg Cathedral door?
1517
What title was Henry VIII awarded after attacking Martin Luther?
Defender of the faith
When was the printing press invented?
1450
Who believed in an English Bible and predestination but not the role of the priest and transubstantiation?
Lollards
Who were the three key Humanist thinkers during Henry VIII’s reign?
Erasmus, More and Colet
What two Humanist colleges were built during Henry VIII’s reign and where in England were they?
- Corpus Christi college in Oxford
- St John’s College in Cambridge
Which of Henry’s children were educated by Humanist scholars? Give an example of a scholar who taught them
Edward
John Cheke
What movement was Humanism born out of?
The Renaissance of the 14th century
Who did Henry VIII defend the Catholic faith against with his ‘Defence of the Seven Sacraments?’
Martin Luther
Which of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales shows the abuses of the church?
The Pardoner’s Tale
What is simony?
The sale of church/ecclesiastical titles
What is it referred to when a priest has more than one position in the church?
Pluralism
What is criticism of the clergy and their behaviour as opposed to criticism of church belief referred to as?
Anti-clericalism
What was the tax charged by the church on the burial of a person?
Mortuary fees
What famous case involving the demand of mortuary fees from the church for a dead baby caused controversy in 1511?
Richard Hunne
What could an abusing member of the clergy or anyone who spoke Latin call upon to be tried in a church court instead of the king’s court?
Benefit of the clergy
What was the name of the elaborately decorated device that would hold a relic?
A reliquary
Who was the Church and government person that epitomised the wealth and power of the church and when did he die?
Cardinal Wolsey; 1530
What is absenteeism?
Priests would neglect one Church as they often practiced pluralism, but would still collect money from it
In what fictional book can we see criticisms of exploitation on pilgrimages?
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
Who issued a written complaint that contained anti-clericalism?
Simon Fish
What did laypeople need to be able to do to claim benefit of the clergy?
Recite a Latin neck verse
Why did MPs complain about the Church courts having too much power?
Most of them were lawyers and the courts were taking work away from them
Why did Henry depend on the Church for control?
1 - power to reach the people
2 - Reinforce the Divine Right to Rule
What was the Church in England the centre of?
Social and physical centre of each parish
What kind of taxes did the laity have to pay?
1 - Peter’s Pence
2 - Tithes
3 - Annates
What are some economic strengths of monasteries?
1 - Owned a third of land in England
2 - Sold iron and wool
Where did monasteries have mother houses?
Europe
How did the monasteries help the community?
1 - Helped sick and poor
2 - Took in orphans
3 - Stimulated economy
4 - Employed local workers
What was used to prove wills? Who did this upset?
Church courts were used to prove wills. This upset lawyers who were also MPs
What was the role of the Church?
To provide a link between God and humanity
What did the wealthy have built?
Personal chantry chapels where they hired priests
What did the importance of a guild determine?
Their position in the Corpus Christie procession
When did lay guilds help out their members?
In times of financial difficulty
What was compulsory to follow in lay guilds?
Strict moral code such as attendance at mass
What do Catholics believe all humans were born with?
Original Sin
How could you reduce time in purgatory?
1 - Indulgences
2 - Prayers
Give an example of a pligrimage site
St Thomas Beckett in Canterbury
What were the 7 Sacraments?
Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination, Confession, Mass, Last Rites
What did Catholics consider priests to be?
Representatives of God on Earth
How did Catholics believe you could get to Heaven?
Salvation and justificication
(good deeds and faith)
Why were priests crucial to forgiveness for (original) sins?
1 - Heard confessions
2 - Adminstered penance
What were requirements to be priests?
1 - Literacy
Where did new ideas enter England?
Antwerp trade, South East
When did support for Lollards weaken? Why?
Weakened once declared heretical because followers feared death
What was the requirement regarding Catholicism for Lollards?
To actively reject Catholic Beliefs to enter Heaven
When did John Pykas confess to Lollard heresy?
1527
How many of Luther’s books were sold in Oxford in 1520? What happened in Cambridge that year?
1 - Oxford booksellers sold 12 of Luther’s books
2 - Public burning of his books in Cambridge
Who pursued Tyndale after he fled? When was he burned?
More, 1536
Why did Tyndale believe in Royal Supremacy?
He followed the Laws of Moses
Where did Tyndale argue for Royal Supremacy?
Obedience of a Christian Man, 1528
Which two notable Englishmen were influenced by Luther’s works?
Cranmer and Cromwell, Henry’s advisers
Why were Humanists not heretics?
They challenged Church practices rather than doctrine
Who was Thomas More?
Lawyer and adviser to Henry
When was More Chancellor?
1529-1532
Why did More resign?
Failed to convince Henry not to challenge the papacy
Why and when was More executed?
Refused to take Oath of Supremacy, 1535
Who were two royal Humanists?
Henry and Catherine of Aragon
