Section 15

Question 1

military expeditions initiated by the medieval papacy to wrest the Holy Lands from Muslim control

Answer 1

Crusades

Question 2

More important, it served as an outlet for Europe’s youth and aggression as population exploded during the _______________

Answer 2

High Middle Ages

Question 3

The spark that set off the Crusades was struck not in Europe but the East, when the ___________ first confronted a new Muslim force, the ______________

Answer 3

Byzantines, Seljuk Turks

Question 4

Meeting the Turks at the _____________ in 1071 CE, the Byzantines were badly defeated and stood on the verge of losing the whole of Asia Minor to Turkish onslaught

Answer 4

Battle of Manzikert

Question 5

Byzantium and Western Europe had long suffered strained relations. This tension grew to such a pitch that, by the middle of eleventh century (during the 1050’s CE), they splintered into separate sects: the _________ based in Rome and the ___________ in Constantinople

Answer 5

Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church

Question 6

Looking for ways to leverage military assistance from the West, some sort of bargaining chip he could play, the Byzantine Emperor _____________ used this conflict with the Turks and its impact on Christian pilgrimage and tourism as the basis of an appeal for Western aid

Answer 6

Alexius Comnenus

Question 7

__________________ warmly embraced the idea of helping Europe’s “beleaguered allies” and fellow Christians in the East, so he proposed a holy war

Answer 7

Pope Urban II

Question 8

Pope Urban II explained this maneuver not as any substantive change of direction but as an extension of a policy already in place entitled the _____________

Answer 8

Truce of God

Question 9

Urban II was granting anyone who joined his crusade an automatic ___________—namely, the forgiveness of all prior sins

Answer 9

Indulgence

Question 10

No matter his actual words, “Kill Muslims indiscriminately!” is what the crowd understood him to say and chanted back ___________________

Answer 10

Deus le vult! (“God wills it!”)

Question 11

the Crusades were also tied to the _________________, the struggle for power between the rising authority of the Pope and the ruling political system in the day

Answer 11

Investiture Controversy

Question 12

The ______________ began in 1096 CE, when Christian knights began to assemble from all over Europe and move toward Constantinople

Answer 12

First Crusade

Question 13

Indeed drawn onward by their religious convictions, they managed to get further than anyone would have guessed, making it all the way to Syria, in fact, and somehow engineering the capture of the capital city _____________ in June of 1098 CE.

Answer 13

Antioch

Question 14

this victory gave new life to their cause and, continuing south, they pushed their way into the Holy Lands where they besieged and took ____________ the next year

Answer 14

Jerusalem

Question 15

Some, however, stayed and set up Christian-run governments, the four so-called _____________, along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea

Answer 15

Crusader States

Question 16

There, they built European-style castles called ___________

Answer 16

Kraks

Question 17

Not only did the ___________ follow a generation or so after the First—indeed, a number of its soldiers were the actual descendants of those who had gone on the First Crusade—but the later crusade was also precipitated by the earlier one

Answer 17

Second Crusade

Question 18

No less than ________________, perceived by many to be the “holiest” man of the day, endorsed the notion of a new crusade, and his sanction drew in many of the leading figures and kings in Europe.

Answer 18

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux

Question 19

as the one before it, precipitated by yet another turnover of power in the Middle East

Answer 19

Third Crusade

Question 20

In Egypt, a new Muslim leader arose named ____________ (r. 1169-1193 CE). He recaptured Syria and much of the Holy Lands, including Jerusalem in 1187 CE

Answer 20

Saladin

Question 21

the king of england

Answer 21

Richard the Lion-hearted

Question 22

Third Crusade might as well not have happened at all, which helps to explain why the ______________-followed so quickly on its heels.

Answer 22

Fourth Crusade

Question 23

the papacy had found a strong advocate in ______________, the most effective pope in medieval history

Answer 23

Innocent III

Question 24

Innocent arranged to contract ships and supplies from the port city of Venice, by now a great sea-power, and it looked like smooth sailing—on paper, at least, which is what lawyer-popes tend to look at—but problems developed before this Crusade even got on board

Answer 24

Venice

Question 25

one of Venice’s subject states on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea

Answer 25

Zara

Question 25

lasted three days, though its tremors are still felt today

Answer 25

Sack of Constantinople

Question 26

Called by Innocent III in 1208 CE, the so-called ____________ took many years to complete. Moreover, it was directed not against the Muslim East but at lands inside Europe, a dramatic shift in focus for something dubbed a Crusade

Answer 26

Albigensian Crusade (Albigensians)

Question 27

What no Crusade since the Second had achieved, the mass exportation of European aggression and manpower outside the West, the ____________ (1217-1221 CE) at last accomplished. It killed thousands of disenfranchised Europe-born hotheads and bled off their pent-up hostility far away from their homeland

Answer 27

Fifth Crusade

Question 28

the next European expedition to the East is not numbered either, this one also disqualified for being too far from the spirit of crusading. Dubbed _______________ (1228-1229 CE) because its leader was the Holy Roman Emperor __________

Answer 28

Frederick’s Crusade, Frederick II

Question 29

The last of these military expeditions are the ________________(1248 CE / 1270 CE). Each was led by ___________-, the King of France, and both proved utter failures.

Answer 29

Sixth and Seventh Crusades, Louis IX

Question 30

the last Christian outpost in the Middle East, the port city of __________ fell to Muslim forces, the Crusades were brought to an ignominious close

Answer 30

Acre