Section 15 Flashcards
military expeditions initiated by the medieval papacy to wrest the Holy Lands from Muslim control
Crusades
More important, it served as an outlet for Europe’s youth and aggression as population exploded during the _______________
High Middle Ages
The spark that set off the Crusades was struck not in Europe but the East, when the ___________ first confronted a new Muslim force, the ______________
Byzantines, Seljuk Turks
Meeting the Turks at the _____________ in 1071 CE, the Byzantines were badly defeated and stood on the verge of losing the whole of Asia Minor to Turkish onslaught
Battle of Manzikert
Byzantium and Western Europe had long suffered strained relations. This tension grew to such a pitch that, by the middle of eleventh century (during the 1050’s CE), they splintered into separate sects: the _________ based in Rome and the ___________ in Constantinople
Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church
Looking for ways to leverage military assistance from the West, some sort of bargaining chip he could play, the Byzantine Emperor _____________ used this conflict with the Turks and its impact on Christian pilgrimage and tourism as the basis of an appeal for Western aid
Alexius Comnenus
__________________ warmly embraced the idea of helping Europe’s “beleaguered allies” and fellow Christians in the East, so he proposed a holy war
Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II explained this maneuver not as any substantive change of direction but as an extension of a policy already in place entitled the _____________
Truce of God
Urban II was granting anyone who joined his crusade an automatic ___________—namely, the forgiveness of all prior sins
Indulgence
No matter his actual words, “Kill Muslims indiscriminately!” is what the crowd understood him to say and chanted back ___________________
Deus le vult! (“God wills it!”)
the Crusades were also tied to the _________________, the struggle for power between the rising authority of the Pope and the ruling political system in the day
Investiture Controversy
The ______________ began in 1096 CE, when Christian knights began to assemble from all over Europe and move toward Constantinople
First Crusade
Indeed drawn onward by their religious convictions, they managed to get further than anyone would have guessed, making it all the way to Syria, in fact, and somehow engineering the capture of the capital city _____________ in June of 1098 CE.
Antioch
this victory gave new life to their cause and, continuing south, they pushed their way into the Holy Lands where they besieged and took ____________ the next year
Jerusalem
Some, however, stayed and set up Christian-run governments, the four so-called _____________, along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea
Crusader States
There, they built European-style castles called ___________
Kraks
Not only did the ___________ follow a generation or so after the First—indeed, a number of its soldiers were the actual descendants of those who had gone on the First Crusade—but the later crusade was also precipitated by the earlier one
Second Crusade
No less than ________________, perceived by many to be the “holiest” man of the day, endorsed the notion of a new crusade, and his sanction drew in many of the leading figures and kings in Europe.
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
as the one before it, precipitated by yet another turnover of power in the Middle East
Third Crusade
In Egypt, a new Muslim leader arose named ____________ (r. 1169-1193 CE). He recaptured Syria and much of the Holy Lands, including Jerusalem in 1187 CE
Saladin
the king of england
Richard the Lion-hearted
Third Crusade might as well not have happened at all, which helps to explain why the ______________-followed so quickly on its heels.
Fourth Crusade
the papacy had found a strong advocate in ______________, the most effective pope in medieval history
Innocent III
Innocent arranged to contract ships and supplies from the port city of Venice, by now a great sea-power, and it looked like smooth sailing—on paper, at least, which is what lawyer-popes tend to look at—but problems developed before this Crusade even got on board
Venice
one of Venice’s subject states on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea
Zara
lasted three days, though its tremors are still felt today
Sack of Constantinople
Called by Innocent III in 1208 CE, the so-called ____________ took many years to complete. Moreover, it was directed not against the Muslim East but at lands inside Europe, a dramatic shift in focus for something dubbed a Crusade
Albigensian Crusade (Albigensians)
What no Crusade since the Second had achieved, the mass exportation of European aggression and manpower outside the West, the ____________ (1217-1221 CE) at last accomplished. It killed thousands of disenfranchised Europe-born hotheads and bled off their pent-up hostility far away from their homeland
Fifth Crusade
the next European expedition to the East is not numbered either, this one also disqualified for being too far from the spirit of crusading. Dubbed _______________ (1228-1229 CE) because its leader was the Holy Roman Emperor __________
Frederick’s Crusade, Frederick II
The last of these military expeditions are the ________________(1248 CE / 1270 CE). Each was led by ___________-, the King of France, and both proved utter failures.
Sixth and Seventh Crusades, Louis IX
the last Christian outpost in the Middle East, the port city of __________ fell to Muslim forces, the Crusades were brought to an ignominious close
Acre
