Section 1 Flashcards
What are the five layers of the capillary membranes?
Type I, Type II, alveolar basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, and capillary endothelium
Primary function of the respiratory system
to provide for gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood
What has to happen first? ventilation/Oxygenation
ventilation must occur before oxygenation can take place.
Which type of epithelium is very thin and allows gas exchange?
simple squamos epithelium
What is the function of the nose?
to filter, heat, and humidify
What is considered the accessory respiratory passage?
The Oral cavity
How many divisions are there of the pharynx/what are they?
there are three. nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
what is the corect term for a nose bleed?
epistaxis
stridor
the “barking” sound that someone makes who has croup
croup
common infection of the upper airway that occurs mainly in children
What is the rule of thumb for the diameter of the trachea?
about the same diameter as your index finger
Conducting airways
airways that do not have any alveoli and do not participate in any gas exchange.
how many conducting airways are there?
7
List of conducting airways
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchiole
List of the respiratory areas
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
where are goblet cells found
above the vocal cords
Goblet cells
Produce fluid when irritated. Think runny nose from allergies.
Where does internal respiration begin in the airway pathway?
Respiratory bronchioles
where does the conducting airways stop?
terminal bronchioles
Parameters of the laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone to the esophagus
Where does internal respiration begin?
respiratory bronchioles
What is the Acinus made up of?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
when mast cells break down, what is released?
histamines, leukotrines, ECF-A and PAF. Histamines are most pronounced in asthma attacks**
Which type of cells are found in the trachea?
spuedostratified columnar epithelium. Absent starting at the respiratory bronchioles.
Where are the coronary arteries located?
At the root of the aorta.
Which type of cells produce surfactant and where are they located?
Located inside the alveoli, Type II cells produce surfactant which helps keep them from collapsing
What are Type I cells?
They are made of simple squamos cells which are very thin to allow for gas exchange to take place in the alveoli.
Type III cells
Called macrophages. They help ‘clean’ your lungs.
Where is the carina located?
located where the trachea bifurcates.
**Very sensitive, will trigger coughing reflex.
What can you use as a trick to help find the carina on someone?
Using the Angle of Louis
How many parts make up the sternum?
3
Parts of the sternum
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
What are the 4 structures found in the mediastinum
Heart, trachea and main stems, great vessels, and esophagus
Chief pathway for clearance of particles in the upper airway
Mucocilliary escalator
Innervation for the diaphragm
Phrenic nerves C3-C5
Innervation of the upper accessory muscles
C2-C5
Intercostal muscle innervation
T1-T7
Abdominal muscle innervation
T7-T12
What does the diaphragm help with what type of ventilation?
passive respiration
active or exercise respiration is aided by what structures?
Upper accessory muscles and intercostal muscles
What do the abdominal muscles do in relation to ventilation?
coughing and forced exhaling
Primary muscles of ventilation
only the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
How does oxygenated blood get to the heart muscle tissue?
Via the coronary arteries which are found at the root of the aorta
Type of tissue in the trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
How many ribs are there?
12 ribs including true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
True ribs
Actually attach to the sternum, includes the first 7 ribs
False ribs
ribs 8,9,10
Two types of pleura
parietal and visceral
where is the pleura found
the parietal lines the thoracic cavity, while the visceral lines the lungs (and heart)
Pleura function
to decrease friction between the two layers while expanding and deflating while breathing. thin fluid is produced between the lungs to help with this
