CPAP exam 4

Question 1

What % of O2 is in plasma vs bound to hemoglobin?

Answer 1

3% plasma and 97% bound to Hb

Question 2

ABGs read Os levels where?

Answer 2

ABGs read the O2 that is dissolved in plasma

Question 3

Normal Hb levels for male and female

Answer 3

Male: 14-16 g/100mL
Female: 12-15

Question 4

Why is adult Hb never fully 100% saturated?

Answer 4

This is due to normal anatomical shunts.

Question 5

Left shift at the lung

Answer 5

This would mean there is an increase in affinity which would increase the loading of O2

Question 6

What 3 things, if increased will cause a right shift in the curve?

Answer 6

Increased H+ ions (acid), CO2, and temperature.

Question 7

Where do you want a left shift in the curve to occur in the body, what about a right shift?

Answer 7

Left shift at Lung, Right at Tissue

Question 8

Which shift causes a decreased affinity?

Answer 8

Right shift, which would increase offloading of O2 at tissue site.

Question 9

Three main factors that decrease oxygen delivery

Answer 9

Decreased Hb levels, oxygen in blood (PaO2), and decreased CO.

Question 10

shunt

Answer 10

blood flow without ventilation

Question 11

deadspace

Answer 11

ventilation without blood flow

Question 12

four types of hypoxia

Answer 12

Hypoxic, anemic, circulatory, histotoxic

Question 13

hypoxemia

Answer 13

Low PaO2 in blood

Question 14

hypoxia

Answer 14

Inadequate tissue oxygenation

Question 15

carbonic anhydrase

Answer 15

The enzyme catalyst that helps create the formation of HCO3

Question 16

Ratio of HCO3 to PaCO2 to maintain pH

Answer 16

20:1 ratio

Question 17

Shunt equation

Answer 17

Qs/QT

Question 18

Ranges for acceptable shunts

Answer 18

<10% is normal, 20-30 is bad, >30% is life threatening

Question 19

CO2 normal production

Answer 19

200mL/min

Question 20

O2 normal production

Answer 20

250mL/min

Question 21

Venous saturation

Answer 21

SvO2 75% PvO2- 40mmHg

Question 22

CaO2

Answer 22

18-20 vols%

Question 23

Normal A-a gradient

Answer 23

10-15mmHg, 200 is serious problem

Question 24

Where admixture is done by looking at what?

Answer 24

ABG at radial artery, femoral artery, and pulmonary artery….in that order

Question 25

Common cause of dead space

Answer 25

Pulmonary embolism

Question 26

Common cause of shunt

Answer 26

Restrictive lung disease

Question 27

Normal V/Q value

Answer 27

0.8

Question 28

Increased FiO2 will help treat what but not what?

Answer 28

Deadspace but will not help treat shunt.

Question 29

V/Q value for determining shunt vs deadspace

Answer 29

Shunt is <0.8 deadspace is more than .8

Question 30

Which is the only shunt that responds to O2 therapy?

Answer 30

shunt-like effect

Question 31

How do you find the respiratory quotient?

Answer 31

CO2 produced:O2 consumption

Question 32

Where do you find a low V/Q in the lung?

Answer 32

at the bottom

Question 33

Normal C(a-v)O2

Answer 33

5 vols%

Question 34

A shunt will always result in what?

Answer 34

hypoxemia

Question 35

How is CO2 mainly transported?

Answer 35

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Question 36

True or absolute shunts will always result in what?

Answer 36

Refractory hypoxemia a.k.a unresponsive to O2 Tx

Question 37

Carbon monoxide is an example of which type of hypoxia?

Answer 37

Anemic….bleeding out also causes this.