Secondary Immunodeficiencies Flashcards
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) vs temperature in fevers
resting metabolic rate increases 7% per degree above 100F
If the RMR is out of the normal levels, immune system does not regulate itself well
Infection and increased RMR
When RMR is increased, it needs more energy to compensate being out of its normal range
- energy is needed because the immune system has to work harder as well as needs to generate infection only proteins (acute phase proteins, complement, cytokines, antibodies eat.c)
Gets this via 3 ways
- carbs: glycolysis
- fats: B-oxidation
- glutamine: glutamine degradation
Micronutrients in controlling metabolic processes
4 main types
Folate =. Nucleotide synthesis
Zinc =. RNA/DNA polymerase activity
Selenium = Glutathione peroxidase
Iron = Respiratory Burst activity
Obesity effects on immune system
Increases infection rates
Increases inflammation responses
Dysregulates the immune system
- increases overall mortality rates*
Caloric resitriction
Is actually good for immune system(as long as you dont go into malnutrition)
- decreases availability of iron which restrictions bacterial growth to a small degree
- increases T-cell function
Nutritionally squired immune deficiency syndrome (NAIDS)
Caused by malnutrition
Leads to the following
- more severe disease episodes (when infected is much worse and harder to get rid of)
- more complications occur during treatment
- increases growth rates of bacteria
- increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and cortisol which develops mild insulin resistances
(Makes it harder to fight against malnutrition)
- infection often can cause mild malnutrition to turn into severely malnutrition*
How does infection cause mild malnutrition into severe malnutrition?
Diminishes appetite
Reduces nutrient absorption
Increases nutrient loss
Lowers metabolic rates of host
- leads to net protein loss, hyperglycemia and increased to dangerous RMR rates*
Patient subgroups that are prone to malnutrition
Alcoholics/ drug addicts
Vegans
Malabsorption disorders
Gastric bypass disorders
Inborn via the mother being malnourished
- malnutrition presents with multiple different nutrients being put of wack*
Vitamins for epithelial barriers
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Zinc
Glutamine role in immune system
Supples approximately 35% of all energy to immune cells
- prime energy used for B-cell transformation into plasma cells
- drives macrophage abilities
- regulates T-cell proliferation
- is considered non essential, but becomes essential when illness/injury occurs*
- proper levels reduce hospital infection rates
Irons role in the immune system
Prime mover in inflammatory response
- deficiency leads to decreases inflammation
Effects of iron deficiency
- decreases respiratory bursts
- decreases PMNs ability to kill bacteria/fungi
- decreases lymphocyte response to antigens/mitogens
- impairs NK cell activity
- it is needed but DONT take too much especially during active infections, microbes also use iron to grow*
Zincs affect on immune system
Zinc deficiency causes the following
- improper clinical expansion of T and B cells
- impairs NK cell cytotoxicity
- impairs phagocytosis
- impairs compliment activity
- impairs wound healing
- zinc supplements can decrease duration for disease but does not cure*
(Also can be toxic at stupid high doses)
Cold medication
Specifically targets rhinovirus binding and replication and are zinc heavy agents
- if taken very early can prevent rhinovirus activity
Selenium in immune system
Essential component of removing hydrogen peroxide
Deficiencies lead to
- increased ROS levels in the body which damage macrophages and PMNs
- decreased lymphocyte activation
- decreases cytokine production
Vitamin A in the immune system
Essential for maintaining epidermal/mucosal integrity
- enhances recovery but does not present infections
(IgA works with vitamin A)
Deficiencies induce the following
- loss of cilia, micro villa, mucus
- helpful microbiome bacteria starts to cause infections
- diminished number and function of PMNs, macrophages and NK cells
- decrease lymphocyte functions and reduce homing to the gut
