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BLISS > Secondary Immunodeficiencies > Flashcards

Secondary Immunodeficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) vs temperature in fevers

A

resting metabolic rate increases 7% per degree above 100F

If the RMR is out of the normal levels, immune system does not regulate itself well

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2
Q

Infection and increased RMR

A

When RMR is increased, it needs more energy to compensate being out of its normal range
- energy is needed because the immune system has to work harder as well as needs to generate infection only proteins (acute phase proteins, complement, cytokines, antibodies eat.c)

Gets this via 3 ways

  • carbs: glycolysis
  • fats: B-oxidation
  • glutamine: glutamine degradation
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3
Q

Micronutrients in controlling metabolic processes

A

4 main types

Folate =. Nucleotide synthesis

Zinc =. RNA/DNA polymerase activity

Selenium = Glutathione peroxidase

Iron = Respiratory Burst activity

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4
Q

Obesity effects on immune system

A

Increases infection rates

Increases inflammation responses

Dysregulates the immune system

  • increases overall mortality rates*
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5
Q

Caloric resitriction

A

Is actually good for immune system(as long as you dont go into malnutrition)

  • decreases availability of iron which restrictions bacterial growth to a small degree
  • increases T-cell function
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6
Q

Nutritionally squired immune deficiency syndrome (NAIDS)

A

Caused by malnutrition

Leads to the following
- more severe disease episodes (when infected is much worse and harder to get rid of)
- more complications occur during treatment
- increases growth rates of bacteria
- increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and cortisol which develops mild insulin resistances
(Makes it harder to fight against malnutrition)

  • infection often can cause mild malnutrition to turn into severely malnutrition*
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7
Q

How does infection cause mild malnutrition into severe malnutrition?

A

Diminishes appetite

Reduces nutrient absorption

Increases nutrient loss

Lowers metabolic rates of host

  • leads to net protein loss, hyperglycemia and increased to dangerous RMR rates*
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8
Q

Patient subgroups that are prone to malnutrition

A

Alcoholics/ drug addicts

Vegans

Malabsorption disorders

Gastric bypass disorders

Inborn via the mother being malnourished

  • malnutrition presents with multiple different nutrients being put of wack*
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9
Q

Vitamins for epithelial barriers

A

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

Zinc

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10
Q

Glutamine role in immune system

A

Supples approximately 35% of all energy to immune cells

  • prime energy used for B-cell transformation into plasma cells
  • drives macrophage abilities
  • regulates T-cell proliferation
  • is considered non essential, but becomes essential when illness/injury occurs*
  • proper levels reduce hospital infection rates
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11
Q

Irons role in the immune system

A

Prime mover in inflammatory response
- deficiency leads to decreases inflammation

Effects of iron deficiency

  • decreases respiratory bursts
  • decreases PMNs ability to kill bacteria/fungi
  • decreases lymphocyte response to antigens/mitogens
  • impairs NK cell activity
  • it is needed but DONT take too much especially during active infections, microbes also use iron to grow*
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12
Q

Zincs affect on immune system

A

Zinc deficiency causes the following

  • improper clinical expansion of T and B cells
  • impairs NK cell cytotoxicity
  • impairs phagocytosis
  • impairs compliment activity
  • impairs wound healing
  • zinc supplements can decrease duration for disease but does not cure*
    (Also can be toxic at stupid high doses)
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13
Q

Cold medication

A

Specifically targets rhinovirus binding and replication and are zinc heavy agents

  • if taken very early can prevent rhinovirus activity
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14
Q

Selenium in immune system

A

Essential component of removing hydrogen peroxide

Deficiencies lead to

  • increased ROS levels in the body which damage macrophages and PMNs
  • decreased lymphocyte activation
  • decreases cytokine production
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15
Q

Vitamin A in the immune system

A

Essential for maintaining epidermal/mucosal integrity
- enhances recovery but does not present infections

(IgA works with vitamin A)

Deficiencies induce the following

  • loss of cilia, micro villa, mucus
  • helpful microbiome bacteria starts to cause infections
  • diminished number and function of PMNs, macrophages and NK cells
  • decrease lymphocyte functions and reduce homing to the gut
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16
Q

Vitamin D in the immune system

A

Enhances innate immunity but inhibits adaptive immunity

- its functions are not well known but it does generally promote innate responses and stops adaptive cells

17
Q

Vitamin E in the immune system

A

Antioxidant that increases IL-2
- T cell proliferation

Also increases B/NK cell functions

also is hypothesized to reverse some age-related decline in the immune system, but has also been shown to increase prostate cancer in men

18
Q

Vitamin C function in immune system

A

Increases neutrophil and macrophage function while also preventing bystander damage from ROS produced by phagolysosome
- antioxidant

  • DOES NOT inhibit bacterialcidal activity*
  • DOES NOT stop cold infections, may shorten but not evidence suggesting that*
19
Q

Stress effects on immune system

A

Is designed for short-term physical crisis which focuses the immune system to function during these times
- if it doesn’t come back down (becomes chronic), then stress becomes a detriment to the immune system

  • primary molecule is cortisol during stress*
  • is anti inflammation/immunosuppressive
20
Q

Primary molecules affected by sleep deprivation

A

IL-1B and TNF

Growth hormone

Prolactin

Cortisol

Telomere proliferative proteins

in general, increases in viral infections and poor adaptive immune response

21
Q

Glucocorticoids and calcineurin-inhibitors

A

Both are shown to depress immune system

Calcineurin-inhibitors specifically inhibit IL-2 synthesis

  • other drugs include*
  • mycophenolate: decreases guanine levels and overall DNA synthesis
  • antimetabolites: inhibits folic acid synthesis and overall DNA synthesis
  • alkylation agents: increases apoptosis in immune cells
22
Q

Cortisol

A

The stress hormone that is a glucocorticoid

Released in times of stress and epinephrine releases in the kidneys

Produces anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, especially during chronic exposures

BLISS (42 decks)

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