Second Year Final Flashcards
Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by:
Granuloma formation
In lungs affected by sarcoidosis there are numerous granulomas and infiltrates of
T-helper lymphocytes
Pulmonary tuberculosis can be identified with which laboratory test?
Acid-fast bacilli sputum test
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection usually causes:
Interstitial pneumonia
The most common presenting symptom of lung cancer is:
Prolonged coughing and expectoration
The most important cause of emphysema is:
Cigarette smoking
Potential pathogens located in the upper respiratory tract but that do not cause disease are known as:
Normal flora
Which of the following is the primary cause of atelectasis in prema-ture neonates?
Deficiency of surfactant
Approximately 90% of all patients with lung cancer present with a history of:
Cigarette smoking
Coal-workers lung disease is best classified as:
Pneumoconiosis
The most common of all the infections of the respiratory tract is:
Upper respiratory infection
Which form of pneumonia is caused by a fungus and is usually seen in patients who have been diagnosed with AIDS?
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Bronchiolitis of children is in most instances caused by:
Viruses
The major pulmonary complication of congenital alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is:
Emphysema
Lung infection that develops in patients who have heart failure and pulmonary edema is called:
Hypostatic pneumonia
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis that is most common in children younger than 3 years old and is associated with a barking cough is known as:
Croup
Attacks of intrinsic asthma may be precipitated by:
Exercise
Pleural tumors are usually associated with:
Pleural effusion
Fibrin-rich hyaline membranes and protein-rich intra-alveolar edema are features of:
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in adult respiratory distress syn-drome (ARDS)
Which one of the following lung lesions has been linked to asbestos exposure?
Mesothelioma
The most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis is:
Clostridium difficile
Hiatal hernias may be caused by all of the following except
Exogenous acids in food
Obstructive ileus may be caused by all of the following except
Spinal cord injury
All of the following are common symptoms of duodenal ulcer except
Carcinoma
Carcinoma of the oral cavity presenting as a white, slightly elevated plaque is clinically described as:
Leukoplakia
Genetic predisposition to colon cancer inn inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in:
Familial adenomatous polyposis coli
Atrophic gastritis is characterized by:
Achlyorydria
Which of the following is a life-threatening condition that occurs in the lower intestinal tract?
Gangrenous appendicitis
Which of these diseases causing malabsorption is associated with diagnostic pathologic changes in the intestine?
Celiac sprue
The changes typical of Crohn’s disease are found most often in the:
Terminal ileum
Crypt abscesses, serpiginous ulcerations, and inflammatory polyps of the large intestine are typical features of:
Ulcerative colitis
Dental caries begin with the formation of:
Bacterial plaques on the surface of the tooth
Most pedunculated colonic neoplastic polyps are classified as:
Tubular adenoma
The best serologic marker of carcinoma of the colon is:
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Approximatley 50% of the intestine develop in the
Rectosigmoid area
The most common tumor of the salivary glands is:
Pleomorphic adenoma
Most malignant tumors of the esophagus are histologically classified as:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Bacteriologically sterile peritonitis is a complication of:
Acute pancreatitis
Diverticula of the intestine are most often located in the:
Sigmoid colon
The most common viral cause of sialadenitis is:
Mumps virus
The incidence of which cancer has been rising in the United States during the past 20 years?
Carcinoma of the lung
Many tumours secrete their own growth factors. This form of stimulation is called:
Autocrine
Hodgkins lymphoma is a neoplasm that typically involves the:
Lymph nodes
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a defect of DNA repair enzyme?`
Xeroderma pigmentosum
The most important risk factors for breast and colon cancer is
Family history of cancer in those locations
Alpha-fetoprotein is a tumour marker for malignant tumours originating in the
Liver
A lung tumour that has spread to the brain has metastasized via:
Blood vessels
Tumours composed of malignant glands of ducts as known as:
Adenocarcinoma
Retinoblastoma gene (RB1) is classified as a
Tumour supressor gene
Benign protuberant tumours found on the skin, mouth, or larynx are called:
Papillomas
The cancer of the chimney sweeps identified in the 18th century in England was related to a component of tar that is chemically classified as:
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Which of the following physical carcinogens is the cause of most skin cancers in humans?
Ultravoilet light
Researchers who deal with neoplasia in the human populations and also study the environmental causes of tumors are known as:
Cancer epidemiologists
Workers employed in the chemical industry and exposed to high levels of aniline dyes are at increased risk of developing cancer of the:
Urinary bladder
Teratomas originate from:
Germ cells of the ovary
Carcinoma of the stomach has the highest incidence in:
Japan
The most common autosomal dominant disease, which affects more than 3 million Americans, presents with numerous subcutaneous neural sheath tumors and is known as:
Neurofibromatosis type 1
Malignant tumors composed of embryonic cells are often called:
Blastomas
The most important source of chemical carcinogens in the human habitat is:
Cigarette smoke
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the:
Cervix of the uterus
Myocardial infarction is accompanied by typical biochemical changes. Elevation of which enzyme in the blood occurs first after the occlusion of a coronary artery?
Creatine kinase
Rheumatic carditis is typically preceded by:
Streptococcal throat infection
What is the most common congenital heart defect recognized in clinical practice?
Interventricular septal defect
Which of the following represent iatrogenic heart lesions?
Digitalis toxicity
The most common cause of infectious myocarditis in the United States is:
Coxsackie B virus
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between a vein and artery?
Veins have valves that hinder the backflow of blood.
Lymph fluid is different than blood because it contains:
White blood cells only`
Atherosclerosis of the brain arteries is the most common cause of:
Cerebrovascular accidents
The patient presents with edema in the lower extremities, ascites, dyspnea with activity, and inability to concentrate. You suspect the patient is suffering from:
Congestive heart failure
The most common form of arterial hypertension is considered to be:
Essential or idiopathic
Septal defects produce a distinct:
High-pitched systolic heart murmur
In the diastolic phase, the right side of the heart is filled with:
Peripheral venous blood
Which of the following has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
Cigarette smoking
Intermittent claudication is caused by atherosclerosis of the:
Popliteal artery
Infarction of the posterior half of the interventricular septum is caused by an occlusion of the:
Right coronary artery
The most common complication of rheumatic endocarditis is:
Bacterial endocarditis
Which of the following organs helps regulate arterial blood pressure?
Kidneys
Atherosclerotic narrowing of which artery causes hypertension?
Renal artery
The medical term for chest pain is:
Angina pectoris
Microcytic hypochromic anemia with low hemosiderin stores in the bone marrow responds favorably to treatment with:
Iron
Which virus is a proven cause of leukemia/lymphoma in humans?
HTLV-1
The most common form of leukemia in children younger than 5 years is:
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
The sickling of red blood cells of patients with sickle cell anemia can be induced in a test tube by exposing the blood to:
An oxygen-binding chemical such as metabisulfite
The diagnostic feature of multiple myeloma is best documented by:
Serum electrophoresis
When seen by x-ray examination, punched-out bone lesions of the calvaria are typical of:
Multiple myeloma
Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia occurs typically in association with:
Atrophic gastritis
Epstein-Barr virus, a possible cause of Burkitt’s lymphoma, has a predilection for infecting:
B lymphocytes
Fibrin split products are typically found in the urine of patients who have:
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Aplastic anemia is most often:
Idiopathic
Thalassemia minor is a disease involving the gene that encodes:
Globin chains of hemoglobin
Which lymphoma is classified as a low-grade lymphoma?
Follicular lymphoma
All of the following findings are typical of secondary polycythemia except:
Association with myelodysplastic syndromes
The synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X by the liver depends on the presence of which vitamin?
Vitamin K
Which leukemia has the best prognosis without chemotherapy?
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Sickle cell hemoglobin is routinely identified in the laboratory by:
Electrophoresis
Consumption of platelets associated with widespread hemorrhages is a feature of:
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Lymphoma’s most common symptom is:
Lymph node enlargement
Overall, the most common form of leukemia is:
Acute myelogenous leukemia
All of the following are hemolytic anemias caused by red blood cell abnormalities (intracorpuscular defects) except:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
