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Anatomy & Physiology > Second Year Final > Flashcards

Second Year Final Flashcards

1
Q

Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by:

A

Granuloma formation

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2
Q

In lungs affected by sarcoidosis there are numerous granulomas and infiltrates of

A

T-helper lymphocytes

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3
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis can be identified with which laboratory test?

A

Acid-fast bacilli sputum test

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4
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection usually causes:

A

Interstitial pneumonia

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5
Q

The most common presenting symptom of lung cancer is:

A

Prolonged coughing and expectoration

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6
Q

The most important cause of emphysema is:

A

Cigarette smoking

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7
Q

Potential pathogens located in the upper respiratory tract but that do not cause disease are known as:

A

Normal flora

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8
Q

Which of the following is the primary cause of atelectasis in prema-ture neonates?

A

Deficiency of surfactant

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9
Q

Approximately 90% of all patients with lung cancer present with a history of:

A

Cigarette smoking

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10
Q

Coal-workers lung disease is best classified as:

A

Pneumoconiosis

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11
Q

The most common of all the infections of the respiratory tract is:

A

Upper respiratory infection

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12
Q

Which form of pneumonia is caused by a fungus and is usually seen in patients who have been diagnosed with AIDS?

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

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13
Q

Bronchiolitis of children is in most instances caused by:

A

Viruses

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14
Q

The major pulmonary complication of congenital alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is:

A

Emphysema

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15
Q

Lung infection that develops in patients who have heart failure and pulmonary edema is called:

A

Hypostatic pneumonia

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16
Q

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis that is most common in children younger than 3 years old and is associated with a barking cough is known as:

A

Croup

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17
Q

Attacks of intrinsic asthma may be precipitated by:

A

Exercise

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18
Q

Pleural tumors are usually associated with:

A

Pleural effusion

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19
Q

Fibrin-rich hyaline membranes and protein-rich intra-alveolar edema are features of:

A

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in adult respiratory distress syn-drome (ARDS)

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20
Q

Which one of the following lung lesions has been linked to asbestos exposure?

A

Mesothelioma

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21
Q

The most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis is:

A

Clostridium difficile

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22
Q

Hiatal hernias may be caused by all of the following except

A

Exogenous acids in food

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23
Q

Obstructive ileus may be caused by all of the following except

A

Spinal cord injury

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24
Q

All of the following are common symptoms of duodenal ulcer except

A

Carcinoma

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25
Q

Carcinoma of the oral cavity presenting as a white, slightly elevated plaque is clinically described as:

A

Leukoplakia

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26
Q

Genetic predisposition to colon cancer inn inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in:

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis coli

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27
Q

Atrophic gastritis is characterized by:

A

Achlyorydria

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28
Q

Which of the following is a life-threatening condition that occurs in the lower intestinal tract?

A

Gangrenous appendicitis

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29
Q

Which of these diseases causing malabsorption is associated with diagnostic pathologic changes in the intestine?

A

Celiac sprue

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30
Q

The changes typical of Crohn’s disease are found most often in the:

A

Terminal ileum

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31
Q

Crypt abscesses, serpiginous ulcerations, and inflammatory polyps of the large intestine are typical features of:

A

Ulcerative colitis

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32
Q

Dental caries begin with the formation of:

A

Bacterial plaques on the surface of the tooth

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33
Q

Most pedunculated colonic neoplastic polyps are classified as:

A

Tubular adenoma

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34
Q

The best serologic marker of carcinoma of the colon is:

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen

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35
Q

Approximatley 50% of the intestine develop in the

A

Rectosigmoid area

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36
Q

The most common tumor of the salivary glands is:

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

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37
Q

Most malignant tumors of the esophagus are histologically classified as:

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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38
Q

Bacteriologically sterile peritonitis is a complication of:

A

Acute pancreatitis

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39
Q

Diverticula of the intestine are most often located in the:

A

Sigmoid colon

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40
Q

The most common viral cause of sialadenitis is:

A

Mumps virus

41
Q

The incidence of which cancer has been rising in the United States during the past 20 years?

A

Carcinoma of the lung

42
Q

Many tumours secrete their own growth factors. This form of stimulation is called:

A

Autocrine

43
Q

Hodgkins lymphoma is a neoplasm that typically involves the:

A

Lymph nodes

44
Q

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a defect of DNA repair enzyme?`

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

45
Q

The most important risk factors for breast and colon cancer is

A

Family history of cancer in those locations

46
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein is a tumour marker for malignant tumours originating in the

A

Liver

47
Q

A lung tumour that has spread to the brain has metastasized via:

A

Blood vessels

48
Q

Tumours composed of malignant glands of ducts as known as:

A

Adenocarcinoma

49
Q

Retinoblastoma gene (RB1) is classified as a

A

Tumour supressor gene

50
Q

Benign protuberant tumours found on the skin, mouth, or larynx are called:

A

Papillomas

51
Q

The cancer of the chimney sweeps identified in the 18th century in England was related to a component of tar that is chemically classified as:

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

52
Q

Which of the following physical carcinogens is the cause of most skin cancers in humans?

A

Ultravoilet light

53
Q

Researchers who deal with neoplasia in the human populations and also study the environmental causes of tumors are known as:

A

Cancer epidemiologists

54
Q

Workers employed in the chemical industry and exposed to high levels of aniline dyes are at increased risk of developing cancer of the:

A

Urinary bladder

55
Q

Teratomas originate from:

A

Germ cells of the ovary

56
Q

Carcinoma of the stomach has the highest incidence in:

A

Japan

57
Q

The most common autosomal dominant disease, which affects more than 3 million Americans, presents with numerous subcutaneous neural sheath tumors and is known as:

A

Neurofibromatosis type 1

58
Q

Malignant tumors composed of embryonic cells are often called:

A

Blastomas

59
Q

The most important source of chemical carcinogens in the human habitat is:

A

Cigarette smoke

60
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the:

A

Cervix of the uterus

61
Q

Myocardial infarction is accompanied by typical biochemical changes. Elevation of which enzyme in the blood occurs first after the occlusion of a coronary artery?

A

Creatine kinase

62
Q

Rheumatic carditis is typically preceded by:

A

Streptococcal throat infection

63
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect recognized in clinical practice?

A

Interventricular septal defect

64
Q

Which of the following represent iatrogenic heart lesions?

A

Digitalis toxicity

65
Q

The most common cause of infectious myocarditis in the United States is:

A

Coxsackie B virus

66
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between a vein and artery?

A

Veins have valves that hinder the backflow of blood.

67
Q

Lymph fluid is different than blood because it contains:

A

White blood cells only`

68
Q

Atherosclerosis of the brain arteries is the most common cause of:

A

Cerebrovascular accidents

69
Q

The patient presents with edema in the lower extremities, ascites, dyspnea with activity, and inability to concentrate. You suspect the patient is suffering from:

A

Congestive heart failure

70
Q

The most common form of arterial hypertension is considered to be:

A

Essential or idiopathic

71
Q

Septal defects produce a distinct:

A

High-pitched systolic heart murmur

72
Q

In the diastolic phase, the right side of the heart is filled with:

A

Peripheral venous blood

73
Q

Which of the following has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

A

Cigarette smoking

74
Q

Intermittent claudication is caused by atherosclerosis of the:

A

Popliteal artery

75
Q

Infarction of the posterior half of the interventricular septum is caused by an occlusion of the:

A

Right coronary artery

76
Q

The most common complication of rheumatic endocarditis is:

A

Bacterial endocarditis

77
Q

Which of the following organs helps regulate arterial blood pressure?

A

Kidneys

78
Q

Atherosclerotic narrowing of which artery causes hypertension?

A

Renal artery

79
Q

The medical term for chest pain is:

A

Angina pectoris

80
Q

Microcytic hypochromic anemia with low hemosiderin stores in the bone marrow responds favorably to treatment with:

A

Iron

81
Q

Which virus is a proven cause of leukemia/lymphoma in humans?

A

HTLV-1

82
Q

The most common form of leukemia in children younger than 5 years is:

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

83
Q

The sickling of red blood cells of patients with sickle cell anemia can be induced in a test tube by exposing the blood to:

A

An oxygen-binding chemical such as metabisulfite

84
Q

The diagnostic feature of multiple myeloma is best documented by:

A

Serum electrophoresis

85
Q

When seen by x-ray examination, punched-out bone lesions of the calvaria are typical of:

A

Multiple myeloma

86
Q

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia occurs typically in association with:

A

Atrophic gastritis

87
Q

Epstein-Barr virus, a possible cause of Burkitt’s lymphoma, has a predilection for infecting:

A

B lymphocytes

88
Q

Fibrin split products are typically found in the urine of patients who have:

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

89
Q

Aplastic anemia is most often:

A

Idiopathic

90
Q

Thalassemia minor is a disease involving the gene that encodes:

A

Globin chains of hemoglobin

91
Q

Which lymphoma is classified as a low-grade lymphoma?

A

Follicular lymphoma

92
Q

All of the following findings are typical of secondary polycythemia except:

A

Association with myelodysplastic syndromes

93
Q

The synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X by the liver depends on the presence of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

94
Q

Which leukemia has the best prognosis without chemotherapy?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

95
Q

Sickle cell hemoglobin is routinely identified in the laboratory by:

A

Electrophoresis

96
Q

Consumption of platelets associated with widespread hemorrhages is a feature of:

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

97
Q

Lymphoma’s most common symptom is:

A

Lymph node enlargement

98
Q

Overall, the most common form of leukemia is:

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia

99
Q

All of the following are hemolytic anemias caused by red blood cell abnormalities (intracorpuscular defects) except:

A

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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