Chapters 19 to 21

Question 1

A doctor tells her nursing students that it is important to monitor patients’ blood pressure when they are receiving verapamil (a calcium channel blocker). Why?

Answer 1

Calcium channel blockers inhibit the movement of calcium ions from the interstitial fluid into cardiac and smooth muscle cells. This would cause a decrease in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. These in turn would lower blood pressure. In addition, the calcium channel blockers would also inhibit contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of blood vessels, causing them to get wider and thus also lower blood pressure. Because both heart and smooth muscle cells are inhibited by verapamil, its effects on blood pressure are particularly potent.

Question 2

A(n) ________ is a bulge, or weakened wall, of an artery.

Answer 2

aneurysm

Question 3

An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will trigger a reflex to

Answer 3

both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure.

Question 4

An infected wound contains typically contains

Answer 4

All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

An equivalent term for epicardium is ________.

Answer 5

visceral pericardium

Question 6

A patient’s ECG recording shows a very long P-R interval. What is the cause of this abnormal wave pattern?

Answer 6

The P wave marks the time of atrial depolarization and the QRS complex signals ventricular depolarization. Between those two events the AV node was excited and the action potential was spread through the conducting tissue to the ventricular myocardium. A prolonged P-R interval signifies an usually slow conduction through the AV node and conducting system, possibly due to insufficient blood flow (ischemia).

Question 7

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

Answer 7

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.

Question 8

A heart murmur might be caused by

Answer 8

All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

A moving blood clot is called a(n)

Answer 9

embolus.

Question 10

Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase?

Answer 10

beta-one receptor

Question 11

A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the

Answer 11

liver.

Question 12

After the precapillary arteriole, blood enters a ________.

Answer 12

thoroughfare channel

Question 13

Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of

Answer 13

Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.

Question 14

An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the ________ artery.

Answer 14

internal carotid

Question 15

A patient has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count?

Answer 15

neutrophils

Question 16

A slower-than-normal heart rate is called ________.

Answer 16

bradycardia

Question 17

All of the following are true of neutrophils, except that they are

Answer 17

important in coagulation.

Question 18

After blood is fractionated, its components are ________ for the purpose of analysis.

Answer 18

separated

Question 19

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

Answer 19

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.

Question 20

A hormone that stimulates production of granulocytes and monocytes is

Answer 20

GM-CSF.

Question 21

A hematocrit provides information on

Answer 21

formed elements abundance.

Question 22

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body’s long-term compensation for

Answer 22

a serious hemorrhage.

Question 23

A genetically engineered hormone that stimulates the production of neutrophils is

Answer 23

G-CSF (Neupogen).

Question 24

Abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves are called ________.

Answer 24

murmurs

Question 25

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

Answer 25

spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

Question 26

All the circulating red blood cells in an adult originate in the

Answer 26

red bone marrow.

Question 27

After donating 0.5 liters of blood, one would expect

Answer 27

an increased reticulocyte count.

Question 28

After entering the arm, the axillary artery becomes the ________ artery.

Answer 28

brachial

Question 29

A person whose platelet count is 40,000/µl is suffering from

Answer 29

thrombocytopenia.

Question 30

Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.

Answer 30

QRS complex

Question 31

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

Answer 31

fibrinogen.

Question 32

A vein that measures 5 mm would be considered

Answer 32

a medium vein.

Question 33

A digestive disorder that impairs a person’s ability to absorb vitamin K will result in

Answer 33

All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following, except the

Answer 34

stroke volume.

Question 35

A procedure in which a length of the patient’s vein or artery is used to create a detour around an obstruction in a coronary artery is called ________.

Answer 35

coronary arterial bypass graft (or CABG)

Question 36

A fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a(n) ________.

Answer 36

blood clot

Question 37

A faster-than-normal heart rate is called ________.

Answer 37

tachycardia

Question 38

After passing the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the ________ artery.

Answer 38

axillary

Question 39

A patient has an end-diastolic volume of 125 ml. A heart attack has weakened her left ventricle so it can pump a stroke volume of only 40 ml. Calculate her end-systolic volume.

Answer 39

85 ml

Question 40

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.

Answer 40

agglutinogens; agglutinins

Question 41

A fine tubular wire mesh called a ________ may be inserted into a coronary vessel, holding it open.

Answer 41

stent

Question 42

“An increase in end-diastolic volume increases the stroke volume” is a way of stating

Answer 42

Starling’s law of the heart.

Question 43

A typical adult hematocrit is

Answer 43

45.

Question 44

A person who has a low blood volume is said to be

Answer 44

hypovolemic.

Question 45

A person’s blood type is determined largely by the

Answer 45

presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.

Question 46

A red blood cell that contains normal amounts of hemoglobin would be called

Answer 46

normochromic.

Question 47

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

Answer 47

venules.

Question 48

Approximately 45% of the blood volume is composed of the ________ .

Answer 48

formed elements

Question 49

An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in

Answer 49

increased erythropoiesis.

Question 50

A(n) ________ ________ (two words) is a direct connection between an arteriole and a venule.

Answer 50

arteriovenous anastomosis