Final Flashcards
Sperm production occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
Secondary spermatocytes each contain
23 chromosomes.
The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the
epididymis.
Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find the most mature spermatozoa?
in the ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct
Which of the following glands secretes fructose to nourish the sperm?
seminal gland (seminal vesicle)
Semen contains all of the following, except
spermatogonia.
During meiosis I, maternal and paternal chromosomes fuse together during the process called ________ to form a ________.
synapsis; tetrad
The delicate layer of serous membrane that covers the testis is called the
tunica vaginalis.
The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the
corpus spongiosum.
Inward projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septa, divide the testis into
lobules.
Interstitial cells produce
androgens.
The spermatic cord is
Correct a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.
Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a network of passageways called the
rete testis.
The urethral meatus is an opening in the
glans penis.
The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called
meiosis.
The role of FSH in males is to
initiate sperm production in the testes.
The cells that are formed during spermatogenesis by the first meiosis are called
secondary spermatocytes.
The external marking of the boundary between the two testes is the
raphe.
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis is called the
tunica albuginea.
The organ that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the
seminal gland (seminal vesicle).
Testosterone is secreted by the
interstitial cells.
The reproductive system includes
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following occurs after a spermatogonium completes cell division?
One daughter cell is directed toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
Which of the following muscles move the testes toward the body?
both the cremaster and the dartos muscles
Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus.
- ductus deferens
- urethra
- ejaculatory duct
- epididymis
Correct 4, 1, 3, 2
When spermatogonia divide, the daughter cells are called
spermatocytes.
The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the
prostate gland.
The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following, except that they
secrete testosterone.
How many tetrads form during synapsis?
23
The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called.
meiosis.
The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the
corpora cavernosa.
Sperm develop from stem cells called
spermatogonia.
A primary spermatocyte matures into ________ spermatids having ________ chromosomes.
four; 23
Testicular nurse cells function in all of the following ways, except that they don’t
secrete progesterone-binding protein.
Which of the following can be found inside the spermatic cord?
blood vessels nerves lymphatic vessels ductus deferens Correct All of the answers are correct.
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the
bulbo-urethral glands.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is
LH.
Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by
peristaltic contractions.
The process of spermiogenesis produces
spermatozoa
Interstitial cells
All of the answers are correct.
The male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?
urinary
Nurse cells
are found in the seminiferous tubules. form the blood-testis barrier. coordinate spermatogenesis. secrete the hormone inhibin. Correct All of the answers are correct.
The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the
prepuce.
A typical ejaculation releases approximately ________ sperm.
250 million
Spermatozoa are functionally matured within the
epididymis.
The organ that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the
ductus deferens.
The ductus deferens is approximately ________ cm long.
40-45
In a mature human spermatozoan,
the head contains 23 chromosomes.
Aldosterone
promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
Hypoventilation leads to
respiratory acidosis.
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the
kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.
Consuming a meal high in salt will
result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.
7
In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.
50
Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?
ADH
Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called
electrolytes.
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
buffer.
The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to
decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.
Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to
metabolic acidosis.
Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the
capillaries.
To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties can this substance not have in order to be effective?
permeable to brain plasma membranes
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?
consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to emphysema
The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of
sodium ions.
In response to respiratory alkalosis, the
kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of
chronic respiratory acidosis.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis
consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
The principal cation in intracellular fluid is
potassium.
A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.
All answers are correct
All of the following are components of ECF, except
RBCs.
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by
The kidneys
Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone
Parathyroid hormone
The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
When pure water is consumed,
osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by stimulating thirst.
causing the release of ADH.
triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.
Correct All of the answers are correct.
Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?
ADH
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
aldosterone
Secretion of potassium into the urine is
associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?
consequence of prolonged vomiting
In a lean adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.
60
Antidiuretic hormone
is released from the posterior pituitary gland.
stimulates water intake.
stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.
is produced by the hypothalamus.
Correct All of the answers are correct.
The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the
plasma. interstitial fluid. cerebrospinal fluid. lymph. Correct All of the answers are correct.
A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop
metabolic acidosis.
About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.
intracellular
Prolonged vomiting can result in
metabolic alkalosis.
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within
the cells of the body.
The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are
proteins, potassium, and phosphate.
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by
aldosterone.
Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?
natriuretic peptides
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for
respiratory alkalosis.
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (“baking soda”) to settle an upset stomach risks
metabolic alkalosis.
Which of the following will stimulate thirst?
drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
stimulation of osmoreceptors
Correct All of the answers are correct.
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis.
If the lingual frenulum is too restrictive, an individual
All of the answers are correct
The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar.
parotid
The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the
lamina propria.
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
uvula
Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer:
4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin
Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the
myenteric plexus.
The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the
pulp cavity.
The digestive tract is also referred to as the
alimentary canal and the GI tract.
________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.
Three
What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?
lesser omentum
Which of these descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?
coordinates activity of muscularis externa
Functions of teeth include
All of the answers are correct.
The ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement.
mesentery proper
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucosa.
Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?
parotid
A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would
interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.
Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.
muscularis mucosa
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following, except in the
stomach
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
________ are also known as canines.
cuspids
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?
large intestine
Digestion refers to the
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
All of the following contain mucous cells in the epithelium, except the
esophagus.
The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called
messentries
Which layer of the digestive tract has a dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the muscularis mucosae?
submucosa
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the
submucosa
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the
parotid glands
Which of the following is a function of the tongue?
All of the answers are correct
Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from
parasympathetic system
Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from
parasympathetic system
The greater omentum is
a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.
A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would
decrease intestinal motility
The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
filtration
A feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the
plicae
The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following, except
Absorption of monosaccharides
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the
Bladder
Which of these descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus?
sensory neural network
The crown of a tooth is covered by
enamel
The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth.
sublingual
Which layer of the digestive tract directly underlies the epithelium?
lamina propria
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
Pancreas
Functions of the tongue include all of the following, except
partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx.
The root of a tooth is covered by
cementum.
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
messenteries
Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?
omentum
What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption?
large intestine
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the
submucosal plexus.
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by:
All of the answers are correct
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by:
All of the answers are correct
The openings to the nostrils are the
external nares
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the
oropharynx
The respiratory mucosa consists of
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as
acute epiglottitis.
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the
movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation.
Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in
epistaxis or nosebleeds.
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
vestibule.
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
pharynx
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is
high pitched and loud
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway.
conducting
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
The larynx contains ________ cartilages.
9
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can
close the glottis
Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways
Use Figure 23-1 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structures labeled “12”?
All of the answers are correct.
During swallowing, the
epiglottis is depressed
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
thick secretions that are difficult to transport
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the
vocal folds.
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages.
arytenoid
The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the
oropharynx.
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx.
The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed a(n)
tracheosectomy
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx.
Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium
mycobacterium tuberclosis
Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium
mycobacterium tuberculosis
________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
All of the answers are correct
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, except the
lips.
The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the
cricothyroid ligament.
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the
soft palate
The laryngeal cartilage not composed of hyaline cartilage is the
epiglottis.
Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways
Use Figure 23-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “7.”
oropharynx
The respiratory defense system is important because it
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is not true about the pharynx?
shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems
The vocal folds are located within the
larynx.
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe
increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx.
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.
Cystic fibrosis
Figure 23-1 The Upper Airways
Use Figure 23-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “2.”
internal nares
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa?
dehumidify the incoming air
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
lower respiratory tract.
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
cricoid
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, except
acting as a damping chamber when coughing.
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the
CNS.
Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled “4.”
T cells
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
The lymphatic system does all of the following, except that it
transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Peyer patches
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
In general, lymphocytes
spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.
Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the
immune response.
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following, except
the venae cavae.
Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.
germinal center
Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways, except by
inhibiting glucocorticoid release.
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than
99°F.
Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “3.”
capsule
Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “3.”
capsule
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except
complement
Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include
All of the answers are correct.
Leslie has a bad sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
All of the following are true of the thymus gland, except that it
activates B cells.
Hormones of the immune system include all of the following, except
natriuretic factor.
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.
B
T cells and B cells can be activated only by
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.
Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “1.”
afferent lymphatic vessel
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.
helper T
Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs?
All of the answers are correct.
________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
Tonsils
Inflammation produces localized
All of the answers are correct.
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except
the brain.
Infection with the HIV virus occurs through
intimate contact with an infected person’s body fluids.
Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they
are smaller in diameter.
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response.
- Several cycles of mitosis occur.
- Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.
- Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.
- T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.
- T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.
2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6.
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes.
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin.
In passive immunization, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.
Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they
remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only
in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
Which of these is not a characteristic of AIDS?
is declining worldwide
Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by
lymphocytes.
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities.
Lymphatic capillaries are known for
All of the answers are correct.
Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “6.”
outer cortex
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the
red marrow
Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 22-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled “6.”
B cells
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include
All of the answers are correct.
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions, except the
right breast
Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?
The afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum.
