Chapter's1 to 4 Flashcards
A process that requires cellular energy too be a substance against its concentration gradient is called
Active transport
Cartilage heals poorly and in many instances does not heal or recover at all after severe injury, why not?
Cartilage lacks blood vessels because chondrocytes produce a substance that inhibits the formation of blood cells. This limits nutrient and oxygen delivery. Adult chondrocytes are terminally differentiated & can’t divide. Both avascularity & lack of cell division combine to minimize cartilage healing.
A molecule of ___ contains all the codons to produce a particular polypeptide.
mRNA
A malignant neoplasm is often called
Cancer
A ___ is a mutant of a regulatory gene that causes cancer
Oncogene
All of the following transport mechanisms are passive processes except
Vesicular transport
Cell membranes are said to be __ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.
Selectively permeable
An alternate term for tumour is
Neoplasm
Cancer cells…
May exhibit metastasis
An impermeable carbohydrate often administered to a patient suffering from blood loss is
Dextran
Before mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein it must be
Edited to remove introns and transported to the cytoplasm.
Cells that are flat and thin are classified as
Squamous
A change in a nucleotide sequence of a gene is termed a
Mutation
What are the similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Both use carrier proteins and exhibit saturation.
What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is driven by concentration gradient and does not consume ATP and is passive. Active transport is active, consumes ATP and moves substances up its concentration gradient.
A tissue with a gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is
Cartilage
Cell that store fat are called
Adipocytes
A patient suffers blood loss and is given IV fluids that contain an impermeable carbohydrate called dextran which serves to
Increase osmolarity of the blood.
Breathing faster and seeped eliminates more carbon dioxide from the blood than normal breathing. Under these circumstances
More carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood.
Cells that are specialized for secretion
Exhibit polarity.
Adhesions between andominopelvic organs occur when
Serious membranes are damaged.
A gene is a set of specific instructions that
Indicate the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.
An epilithial cell can be divided into two functional regions ___ and basal surface.
Apical surface.
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity as a result of liver or kidney disease, malnutrition or heart failure is known as
Ascites.
A herniated disk is an injury of the pass of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from a normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?
Fibrous cartilage.
Blood is which type of tissue?
Connective
A DNA nucleotide is composed of
A nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group.
A cell duplicates is chromosomes during the _____
S phase
A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of the cell is called
Hypotonic
Analysis of a glandular secretion indicates that it contains some DNA, RNA and membrane components such as phospholipids. What kind of secretion is this and why?
The presence of DNA, RNA and phospholipids indicate the cell was destroyed during the secretion process. This is consistent with holocrine secretion.
Amino acids are transferred to the ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain by
tRNA
A membrane transport process is found experimentally to have a saturation limit. Which of the flowing is a possible property of the process?
All of the above
Before a cell divides it DNA must be replicated to
Supply each cell with a full set of the genetic material.
A ___ is a series of ribosomes attached to the same mRNA
Polyribosome or polysome
All of the following are true of neurons except that
They are specialized form of connective tissue
A defensive cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates
Phagocytosis
A biology student accidentally mixed up her slides. One is an intestine, the other and esophagus. How do you decide which is which?
The intestine is modelled for absorption therefore it will show one layer of epithelium lining the cavity. The cells would be cuboidal/columnar and have microvilli on the surface to increase surface area. The esophagus receives undefeated food it would have stratified epithelium of squamous cells to protect it
A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed an
Occluding junction
As each codon arrives at the active transport site of a ribosome it attracts another molecule containing the anticodon. This molecule is called
tRNA
As genes are functionally eliminated the cell becomes limited in the range of proteins it can make. This specialization process is called
Differentiation
“Spikes” form on blood cells when it is placed in a __ solution.
Hypertonic.
Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are
Mesenchymal stem cells
A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus therefore it
Can’t make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months
A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelial is the
Lamina lucida
Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by __ that blocks the growth of blood vessels
Chondrocytes
Cartilage is separated from surrounding by a fibrous
Perichondrium
Antibodies are produced by
Plasmocytes
Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasmalemma is observed (1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow down when a similar amino acid is added to the extra cellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely by
Facilitated diffusion
A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single in branched duct would be called
Simple alveolar
A ___ is a homogenous mixture containing a solvent and solute
Solution
Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called
Endergonic
Someone lying face down is in the __ position
Prone
An example of an organic substance are
Lipid, nucleus acid and protein
An amino acid is to a protein as __ is to a nucleic acid.
Nucleotide
An important buffer in body fluids is
NaHCO3 or sodium bicarbonate
A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of
Atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of the molecules they are apart of
A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a __ section
Parasagittal
A __ removes hydrogen ions and a __ releases hydrogen ions
Base and acid
Anatomy uses a special language called ___ that involves the use of word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease.
Medical terminology
A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is
Glycogen
A + B is to decomposition as A+B > AB is to
Synthesis
By weight which element is the second most abundant in the human body
Carbon
A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that
All systems in an organism are interdependent
Adenine and guanine are
Purines represented by A and G
A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called an
R group
An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can
All answers are correct
According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleus acids cytosine would pair with the base
Guanine
A person lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling is in the __ position
Supine
An example of an inorganic substance is
Water and carbon dioxide
Cardiovascular function is an example of
Systemic physiology
Carbohydrate molecules
Are the bodies most available source of energy
An anatomical term that means the same as central
Anterior
All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the
Carboxylate acid group
A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates
Surface tension
All of the following are true concerning enzymes except that they
Are consumed during reactions
Anatomy is to__ as physiology is to___
Structure and function
A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control centre in negative feedback is termed
An effector
Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by
Enzymes
A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the
Anatomical position
Midsagittal plane would cross though the
Heart
Blood has a very narrow pH level while urine has a very broad range. What does this indicate about the system or physiology?
Homeostasis requires that their be a balance for healthy living. So urine is broad because it is there to flush out hydrogen ions to stabilize pH levels
A __ is a pure substance containing only one type of atom
Element
High energy ATP is present between
Phosphate groups 1-2 and phosphate groups 2-3
An example of a negative receptor controlling body temperature
Temperature sensors on skin defending a stimulus
Atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons is a
Isotope
Which element is most abundant in the body
Oxygen
A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is
Saturated
A fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds is
Polyunsaturated
Anatomical features that change during illness is the study of __ anatomy
Pathological
AMP+ P =
ADP
Alaska natives have low levels of heart disease despite eating diets high in fat and cholesterol. Why is this?
They consume a lot of omega 3 fatty acids
A ___ is a covalent bond with an unusually large part amount of energy.
High energy bond
A shortage of steroids results in the shortage of
Sex hormones and plasma membranes
A solution containing equal levels of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is
Neutral
An unequal sharing of electrons leads to ___ chemical bonds
Polar covalent
A point change involves a change in a
Single nucleotide
