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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter's1 to 4 > Flashcards

Chapter's1 to 4 Flashcards

0
Q

A process that requires cellular energy too be a substance against its concentration gradient is called

A

Active transport

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1
Q

Cartilage heals poorly and in many instances does not heal or recover at all after severe injury, why not?

A

Cartilage lacks blood vessels because chondrocytes produce a substance that inhibits the formation of blood cells. This limits nutrient and oxygen delivery. Adult chondrocytes are terminally differentiated & can’t divide. Both avascularity & lack of cell division combine to minimize cartilage healing.

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2
Q

A molecule of ___ contains all the codons to produce a particular polypeptide.

A

mRNA

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3
Q

A malignant neoplasm is often called

A

Cancer

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4
Q

A ___ is a mutant of a regulatory gene that causes cancer

A

Oncogene

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5
Q

All of the following transport mechanisms are passive processes except

A

Vesicular transport

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6
Q

Cell membranes are said to be __ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.

A

Selectively permeable

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7
Q

An alternate term for tumour is

A

Neoplasm

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8
Q

Cancer cells…

A

May exhibit metastasis

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9
Q

An impermeable carbohydrate often administered to a patient suffering from blood loss is

A

Dextran

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10
Q

Before mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein it must be

A

Edited to remove introns and transported to the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

A

Squamous

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12
Q

A change in a nucleotide sequence of a gene is termed a

A

Mutation

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13
Q

What are the similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

A

Both use carrier proteins and exhibit saturation.

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14
Q

What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion is driven by concentration gradient and does not consume ATP and is passive. Active transport is active, consumes ATP and moves substances up its concentration gradient.

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15
Q

A tissue with a gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

A

Cartilage

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16
Q

Cell that store fat are called

A

Adipocytes

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17
Q

A patient suffers blood loss and is given IV fluids that contain an impermeable carbohydrate called dextran which serves to

A

Increase osmolarity of the blood.

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18
Q

Breathing faster and seeped eliminates more carbon dioxide from the blood than normal breathing. Under these circumstances

A

More carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood.

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19
Q

Cells that are specialized for secretion

A

Exhibit polarity.

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20
Q

Adhesions between andominopelvic organs occur when

A

Serious membranes are damaged.

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21
Q

A gene is a set of specific instructions that

A

Indicate the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

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22
Q

An epilithial cell can be divided into two functional regions ___ and basal surface.

A

Apical surface.

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23
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity as a result of liver or kidney disease, malnutrition or heart failure is known as

A

Ascites.

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24
Q

A herniated disk is an injury of the pass of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from a normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?

A

Fibrous cartilage.

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25
Q

Blood is which type of tissue?

A

Connective

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26
Q

A DNA nucleotide is composed of

A

A nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group.

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27
Q

A cell duplicates is chromosomes during the _____

A

S phase

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28
Q

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of the cell is called

A

Hypotonic

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29
Q

Analysis of a glandular secretion indicates that it contains some DNA, RNA and membrane components such as phospholipids. What kind of secretion is this and why?

A

The presence of DNA, RNA and phospholipids indicate the cell was destroyed during the secretion process. This is consistent with holocrine secretion.

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30
Q

Amino acids are transferred to the ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain by

A

tRNA

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31
Q

A membrane transport process is found experimentally to have a saturation limit. Which of the flowing is a possible property of the process?

A

All of the above

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32
Q

Before a cell divides it DNA must be replicated to

A

Supply each cell with a full set of the genetic material.

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33
Q

A ___ is a series of ribosomes attached to the same mRNA

A

Polyribosome or polysome

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34
Q

All of the following are true of neurons except that

A

They are specialized form of connective tissue

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35
Q

A defensive cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates

A

Phagocytosis

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36
Q

A biology student accidentally mixed up her slides. One is an intestine, the other and esophagus. How do you decide which is which?

A

The intestine is modelled for absorption therefore it will show one layer of epithelium lining the cavity. The cells would be cuboidal/columnar and have microvilli on the surface to increase surface area. The esophagus receives undefeated food it would have stratified epithelium of squamous cells to protect it

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37
Q

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed an

A

Occluding junction

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38
Q

As each codon arrives at the active transport site of a ribosome it attracts another molecule containing the anticodon. This molecule is called

A

tRNA

39
Q

As genes are functionally eliminated the cell becomes limited in the range of proteins it can make. This specialization process is called

A

Differentiation

40
Q

“Spikes” form on blood cells when it is placed in a __ solution.

A

Hypertonic.

41
Q

Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

42
Q

A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus therefore it

A

Can’t make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months

43
Q

A layer of glycoproteins that prevents leakage of materials from connective tissues into epithelial is the

A

Lamina lucida

44
Q

Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by __ that blocks the growth of blood vessels

A

Chondrocytes

45
Q

Cartilage is separated from surrounding by a fibrous

A

Perichondrium

46
Q

Antibodies are produced by

A

Plasmocytes

47
Q

Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasmalemma is observed (1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow down when a similar amino acid is added to the extra cellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely by

A

Facilitated diffusion

48
Q

A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single in branched duct would be called

A

Simple alveolar

49
Q

A ___ is a homogenous mixture containing a solvent and solute

A

Solution

50
Q

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called

A

Endergonic

51
Q

Someone lying face down is in the __ position

A

Prone

52
Q

An example of an organic substance are

A

Lipid, nucleus acid and protein

53
Q

An amino acid is to a protein as __ is to a nucleic acid.

A

Nucleotide

54
Q

An important buffer in body fluids is

A

NaHCO3 or sodium bicarbonate

55
Q

A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of

A

Atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of the molecules they are apart of

56
Q

A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a __ section

A

Parasagittal

57
Q

A __ removes hydrogen ions and a __ releases hydrogen ions

A

Base and acid

58
Q

Anatomy uses a special language called ___ that involves the use of word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease.

A

Medical terminology

59
Q

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

A

Glycogen

60
Q

A + B is to decomposition as A+B > AB is to

A

Synthesis

61
Q

By weight which element is the second most abundant in the human body

A

Carbon

62
Q

A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that

A

All systems in an organism are interdependent

63
Q

Adenine and guanine are

A

Purines represented by A and G

64
Q

A side chain on an amino acid is sometimes called an

A

R group

65
Q

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can

A

All answers are correct

66
Q

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleus acids cytosine would pair with the base

A

Guanine

67
Q

A person lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling is in the __ position

A

Supine

68
Q

An example of an inorganic substance is

A

Water and carbon dioxide

69
Q

Cardiovascular function is an example of

A

Systemic physiology

70
Q

Carbohydrate molecules

A

Are the bodies most available source of energy

71
Q

An anatomical term that means the same as central

A

Anterior

72
Q

All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the

A

Carboxylate acid group

73
Q

A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates

A

Surface tension

74
Q

All of the following are true concerning enzymes except that they

A

Are consumed during reactions

75
Q

Anatomy is to__ as physiology is to___

A

Structure and function

76
Q

A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control centre in negative feedback is termed

A

An effector

77
Q

Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by

A

Enzymes

78
Q

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the

A

Anatomical position

79
Q

Midsagittal plane would cross though the

A

Heart

80
Q

Blood has a very narrow pH level while urine has a very broad range. What does this indicate about the system or physiology?

A

Homeostasis requires that their be a balance for healthy living. So urine is broad because it is there to flush out hydrogen ions to stabilize pH levels

81
Q

A __ is a pure substance containing only one type of atom

A

Element

82
Q

High energy ATP is present between

A

Phosphate groups 1-2 and phosphate groups 2-3

83
Q

An example of a negative receptor controlling body temperature

A

Temperature sensors on skin defending a stimulus

84
Q

Atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons is a

A

Isotope

85
Q

Which element is most abundant in the body

A

Oxygen

86
Q

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is

A

Saturated

87
Q

A fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds is

A

Polyunsaturated

88
Q

Anatomical features that change during illness is the study of __ anatomy

A

Pathological

89
Q

AMP+ P =

A

ADP

90
Q

Alaska natives have low levels of heart disease despite eating diets high in fat and cholesterol. Why is this?

A

They consume a lot of omega 3 fatty acids

91
Q

A ___ is a covalent bond with an unusually large part amount of energy.

A

High energy bond

92
Q

A shortage of steroids results in the shortage of

A

Sex hormones and plasma membranes

93
Q

A solution containing equal levels of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is

A

Neutral

94
Q

An unequal sharing of electrons leads to ___ chemical bonds

A

Polar covalent

95
Q

A point change involves a change in a

A

Single nucleotide

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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