Endocrine and Urinary Systems Flashcards
The suprarenal medulla produces
catecholamines.
Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, except
oxytocin.
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.
PTH
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?
All of the answers are correct.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
somatotropin.
The condition known as hirsutism can result from too
much androgen production.
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?
both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
thyroid gland.
Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled “13.”
oxytocin
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH.
Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?
All of the answers are correct
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include
All of the answers are correct.
Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of
cAMP.
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
ADH and oxytocin.
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.
endocrine
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is
ACTH.
The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids.
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
growth hormone
The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation.
endocrine
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release
All answers are correct
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time.
a few
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH.
The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is
MSH.
An activated G protein can trigger
All of the answers are correct.
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
somatomedins.
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?
osteoclasts
Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?
iodine
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn’t
function independently of the endocrine system.
Which of the following is not an action of TSH?
inhibits T3 and T4 secretion
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein.
The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is
oxytocin.
Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to
All of the answers are correct.
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia
All of the answers are correct.
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ
endocrine
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH.
The hormone oxytocin
All of the answers are correct.
TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.
synthesis and release
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it
causes fat accumulation within adipocytes.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin.
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn’t
build up bone.
All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they
are produced by the suprarenal medulla.
Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
gigantism.
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH.
Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled “1.”
corticotropin (ACTH)
Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
cyclic AMP
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
gene transcription is initiated.
Endocrine cells
release their secretions directly into body fluids.
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
calmodulin.
Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect
All of the answers are correct.
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps except one. Identify the incorrect step.
binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
9
If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?
glucagon
The hypophyseal portal system
All of the answers are correct.
Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled “4.”
thyroid-stimulating hormone
A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
cortisol.
A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).
one
Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?
insulin and epinephrine
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
aldosterone.
Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?
All of the answers are correct.
The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces
mineralocorticoids.
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.
prolactin; corticotropin
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH.
The main action of antidiuretic hormone is:
increased water conservation by kidneys
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of
aldosterone.
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
phosphorylation.
Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?
14
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone.
Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
loss of ADH secretion
Thyroid hormone contains the element
iodine.
The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces
glucocorticoids.
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce
calcitonin.
The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces
androgens.
When adenyl cyclase is activated,
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
The term used to describe excess production of urine is
polyuria.
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except
thyroid-stimulating hormone.
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
ADH
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
thyroxine.
Hormones known as “catecholamines” are
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization.
All of the answers are correct.
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes
Addison disease.
The most complex endocrine responses involve the
hypothalamus.
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except
ACTH levels.
All target cells
have hormone receptors.
Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled “5.”
thyroxin
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
Cushing disease results from an excess of
glucocorticoids.
If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
TSH, ACTH, PRL
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin.
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of
hypothyroidism.
As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?
99
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?.
All of the answers are correct.
Functions of the urinary system include
All of the answers are correct.
In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called:
podocytes
Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
proximal convoluted tubule.
Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium
Streptococcus.
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle.
The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.
papillary duct
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where would penicillin be secreted?
5
Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “8.”
ureter
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate.
Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled “1”?
filtration
The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers
endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop (loop of Henle).
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
180
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except
increase the glomerular filtration rate.
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does countercurrent multiplication occur?
4
The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves
All of the answers are correct.
If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true?
It will contain large amounts of urobilin.
Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?
24 mm Hg
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area is sensitive to aldosterone?
5
Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate?
protein
Major calyces are
large branches of the renal pelvis.
The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by
All of the answers are correct.
Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “4.”
minor calyx
Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
The renal sinus is
an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of
capillaries.
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.
peritubular
An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
renal failure.
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis.
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of
cotransport.
Renal blood flow is about
1 liter/min.
The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is
glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
absence of ADH.
Agents that increase urine excretion are known as
diuretics.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?
final urine enters here
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except
proteins.
The detrusor muscle
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl.
180
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?
5 and 6
________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis
The process of filtration occurs at the
glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.
Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?
collecting ducts
If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?
All of the answers are correct.
Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “9.”
renal papilla
Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion:
hydrogen ions
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)
FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
hilum.
The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the
juxtaglomerular complex.
Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.
albumin
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
the ureters.
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.
cortex
The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement
floating kidney
The renal veins drain into the
inferior vena cava.
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
distal convoluted tubule.
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the
rectum.
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole.
The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.
superior
Question 62
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?
tip of the medullary pyramid
Renal columns are
bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
The outermost layer of the kidney is the
fibrous capsule.
The process of filtration is driven by
blood hydrostatic pressure.
The urinary system does all of the following, except that it
excretes excess albumen molecules.
Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “11.”
renal pelvis
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney.
- afferent arteriole
- arcuate artery
- interlobar artery
- renal artery
- glomerulus
- cortical radiate artery
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillary
4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of
All of the answers are correct.
All of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are
located partly within the pelvic cavity.
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures?
1, 2, and 4 are correct.
Antidiuretic hormone
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg.
FP = 15 mm Hg
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are
peritubular capillaries.
Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains
All of the answers are correct.
Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of
countertransport.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by
presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma.
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
cotransport with Na and K ions
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
A glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
All of the answers are correct.
Urine is eliminated through the
urethra.
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
transitional
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?
3
The region known as the macula densa is part of
the distal convoluted tubule.
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex
________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.
Polycystic kidney disease
Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions.
1200
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to
All of the answers are correct.
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except
stem cell movements.
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does obligatory water reabsorption occur?
4
The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the
renal pelvis.
List in order the structures of the renal corpuscle that a substance must pass through during filtration:
4, 3, 1, 2
Which of the following is not an important function of the kidney?
excretion of excess albumen
The filtration of plasma takes place in the
renal corpuscle.
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
pyramids.
The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by
All of the answers are correct.
Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “3.”
renal pyramid
Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does secretion mostly occur?
5
