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Anatomy & Physiology > Endocrine and Urinary Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine and Urinary Systems Flashcards

1
Q

The suprarenal medulla produces

A

catecholamines.

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2
Q

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, except

A

oxytocin.

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3
Q

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

A

PTH

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4
Q

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

A

All of the answers are correct.

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5
Q

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

A

somatotropin.

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6
Q

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too

A

much androgen production.

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7
Q

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

A

both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose

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8
Q

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

A

thyroid gland.

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9
Q

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled “13.”

A

oxytocin

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10
Q

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

A

LH.

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11
Q

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?

A

All of the answers are correct

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12
Q

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include

A

All of the answers are correct.

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13
Q

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

A

cAMP.

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14
Q

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

A

ADH and oxytocin.

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15
Q

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

A

endocrine

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16
Q

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is

A

ACTH.

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17
Q

The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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18
Q

Peptide hormones are

A

composed of amino acids.

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19
Q

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

A

growth hormone

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20
Q

The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation.

A

endocrine

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21
Q

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release

A

All answers are correct

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22
Q

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time.

A

a few

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23
Q

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

A

TSH.

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24
Q

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

A

MSH.

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25
Q

An activated G protein can trigger

A

All of the answers are correct.

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26
Q

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

A

somatomedins.

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27
Q

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

A

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

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28
Q

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

A

Hormones

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29
Q

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?

A

osteoclasts

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30
Q

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

A

iodine

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31
Q

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn’t

A

function independently of the endocrine system.

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32
Q

Which of the following is not an action of TSH?

A

inhibits T3 and T4 secretion

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33
Q

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

A

a G protein.

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34
Q

The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is

A

oxytocin.

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35
Q

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to

A

All of the answers are correct.

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36
Q

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

A

ADH.

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37
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia

A

All of the answers are correct.

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38
Q

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ

A

endocrine

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39
Q

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

A

in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

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40
Q

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

A

FSH.

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41
Q

The hormone oxytocin

A

All of the answers are correct.

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42
Q

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

A

synthesis and release

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43
Q

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

A

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

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44
Q

Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it

A

causes fat accumulation within adipocytes.

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45
Q

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

A

prolactin.

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46
Q

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by

A

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

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47
Q

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in

A

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

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48
Q

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn’t

A

build up bone.

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49
Q

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they

A

are produced by the suprarenal medulla.

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50
Q

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

A

gigantism.

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51
Q

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

A

ADH.

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52
Q

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled “1.”

A

corticotropin (ACTH)

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53
Q

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

A

cyclic AMP

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54
Q

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

A

gene transcription is initiated.

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55
Q

Endocrine cells

A

release their secretions directly into body fluids.

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56
Q

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

A

calmodulin.

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57
Q

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect

A

All of the answers are correct.

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58
Q

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

A

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

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59
Q

The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps except one. Identify the incorrect step.

A

binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane

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60
Q

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

A

9

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61
Q

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?

A

glucagon

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62
Q

The hypophyseal portal system

A

All of the answers are correct.

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63
Q

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled “4.”

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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64
Q

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is

A

cortisol.

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65
Q

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).

A

one

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66
Q

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?

A

insulin and epinephrine

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67
Q

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

A

aldosterone.

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68
Q

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

A

All of the answers are correct.

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69
Q

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces

A

mineralocorticoids.

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70
Q

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

A

prolactin; corticotropin

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71
Q

The primary function of ADH is to

A

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

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72
Q

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

A

ADH.

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73
Q

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is:

A

increased water conservation by kidneys

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74
Q

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

A

aldosterone.

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75
Q

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

A

phosphorylation.

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76
Q

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?

A

14

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77
Q

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

A

parathyroid hormone.

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78
Q

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

A

loss of ADH secretion

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79
Q

Thyroid hormone contains the element

A

iodine.

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80
Q

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces

A

glucocorticoids.

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81
Q

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

A

calcitonin.

82
Q

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces

A

androgens.

83
Q

When adenyl cyclase is activated,

A

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

84
Q

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

A

polyuria.

85
Q

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone.

86
Q

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

A

ADH

87
Q

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

A

thyroxine.

88
Q

Hormones known as “catecholamines” are

A

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

89
Q

Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization.

A

All of the answers are correct.

90
Q

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

A

catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

91
Q

Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes

A

Addison disease.

92
Q

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

A

hypothalamus.

93
Q

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except

A

ACTH levels.

94
Q

All target cells

A

have hormone receptors.

95
Q

Figure 18-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 18-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled “5.”

A

thyroxin

96
Q

Steroid hormones

A

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

97
Q

Cushing disease results from an excess of

A

glucocorticoids.

98
Q

If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

A

TSH, ACTH, PRL

99
Q

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

A

calcitonin.

100
Q

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

A

hypothyroidism.

101
Q

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

A

99

102
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?.

A

All of the answers are correct.

103
Q

Functions of the urinary system include

A

All of the answers are correct.

104
Q

In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called:

A

podocytes

105
Q

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

A

proximal convoluted tubule.

106
Q

Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium

A

Streptococcus.

107
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

A

renal corpuscle.

108
Q

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

A

papillary duct

109
Q

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where would penicillin be secreted?

A

5

110
Q

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “8.”

A

ureter

111
Q

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate.

A

Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

112
Q

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled “1”?

A

filtration

113
Q

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers

A

endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

114
Q

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

A

the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

115
Q

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

A

nephron loop (loop of Henle).

116
Q

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

A

180

117
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except

A

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

118
Q

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does countercurrent multiplication occur?

A

4

119
Q

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves

A

All of the answers are correct.

120
Q

If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true?

A

It will contain large amounts of urobilin.

121
Q

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?

A

24 mm Hg

122
Q

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area is sensitive to aldosterone?

A

5

123
Q

Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate?

A

protein

124
Q

Major calyces are

A

large branches of the renal pelvis.

125
Q

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by

A

All of the answers are correct.

126
Q

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “4.”

A

minor calyx

127
Q

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

A

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

128
Q

The renal sinus is

A

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

129
Q

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

A

capillaries.

130
Q

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

A

peritubular

131
Q

An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

A

renal failure.

132
Q

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

A

renal pelvis.

133
Q

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

A

cotransport.

134
Q

Renal blood flow is about

A

1 liter/min.

135
Q

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

136
Q

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

A

absence of ADH.

137
Q

Agents that increase urine excretion are known as

A

diuretics.

138
Q

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?

A

final urine enters here

139
Q

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except

A

proteins.

140
Q

The detrusor muscle

A

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

141
Q

The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl.

A

180

142
Q

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?

A

5 and 6

143
Q

________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.

A

Glomerulonephritis

144
Q

The process of filtration occurs at the

A

glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.

145
Q

Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?

A

collecting ducts

146
Q

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?

A

All of the answers are correct.

147
Q

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “9.”

A

renal papilla

148
Q

Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion:

A

hydrogen ions

149
Q

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)

A

FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)

150
Q

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

A

hilum.

151
Q

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

A

juxtaglomerular complex.

152
Q

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

A

albumin

153
Q

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

A

the ureters.

154
Q

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

A

cortex

155
Q

The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement

A

floating kidney

156
Q

The renal veins drain into the

A

inferior vena cava.

157
Q

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

A

distal convoluted tubule.

158
Q

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the

A

rectum.

159
Q

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

A

the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

160
Q

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

A

efferent arteriole.

161
Q

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

A

superior

162
Q

Question 62

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

A

tip of the medullary pyramid

163
Q

Renal columns are

A

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

164
Q

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

A

fibrous capsule.

165
Q

The process of filtration is driven by

A

blood hydrostatic pressure.

166
Q

The urinary system does all of the following, except that it

A

excretes excess albumen molecules.

167
Q

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “11.”

A

renal pelvis

168
Q

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney.

  1. afferent arteriole
  2. arcuate artery
  3. interlobar artery
  4. renal artery
  5. glomerulus
  6. cortical radiate artery
  7. efferent arteriole
  8. peritubular capillary
A

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.

169
Q

The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of

A

All of the answers are correct.

170
Q

All of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are

A

located partly within the pelvic cavity.

171
Q

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures?

A

1, 2, and 4 are correct.

172
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

173
Q

Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg.

A

FP = 15 mm Hg

174
Q

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

A

peritubular capillaries.

175
Q

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains

A

All of the answers are correct.

176
Q

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of

A

countertransport.

177
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by

A

presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma.

178
Q

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

A

cotransport with Na and K ions

179
Q

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

A

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

180
Q

A glomerulus is

A

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

181
Q

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

A

All of the answers are correct.

182
Q

Urine is eliminated through the

A

urethra.

183
Q

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

A

transitional

184
Q

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?

A

3

185
Q

The region known as the macula densa is part of

A

the distal convoluted tubule.

186
Q

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

A

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

187
Q

________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.

A

Polycystic kidney disease

188
Q

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions.

A

1200

189
Q

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to

A

All of the answers are correct.

190
Q

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except

A

stem cell movements.

191
Q

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does obligatory water reabsorption occur?

A

4

192
Q

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

A

renal pelvis.

193
Q

List in order the structures of the renal corpuscle that a substance must pass through during filtration:

A

4, 3, 1, 2

194
Q

Which of the following is not an important function of the kidney?

A

excretion of excess albumen

195
Q

The filtration of plasma takes place in the

A

renal corpuscle.

196
Q

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

A

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

197
Q

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

A

pyramids.

198
Q

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

A

All of the answers are correct.

199
Q

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled “3.”

A

renal pyramid

200
Q

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does secretion mostly occur?

A

5

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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