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BIOCHEM*2580 > Second Half I F24: Lecture Slides 58 - 74 > Flashcards

Second Half I F24: Lecture Slides 58 - 74 Flashcards

1
Q

What D-Sugars what are OH groups?

A

Left in Fischer Formula and Above in Haworth

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2
Q

Where is the Anomeric OH in Beta form?

A

Above Ring

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3
Q

Where is the Anomeric OH in Alpha Form?

A

Below Ring

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4
Q

How do you remember where the anomeric carbon is located?

A

LAB: Left —-> Above <—- Beta

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5
Q

What is the Carbonyl Carbon?

A

Always the electrophile in the reaction (will form the anomeric carbon)

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6
Q

What can any of the OH groups act as?

A

The nucleophile

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7
Q

What does which OH reacting with the Carbonyl C depend on?

A

The type of ring that is formed (pyranose or furanose)

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8
Q

What happens if the OH of carbon 6 is the nucleophile?

A

Fructose will form a 6-membered pyranose ring.

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9
Q

What is the anomeric carbon of a sugar?

A

An electrophile

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10
Q

What does the anomeric carbon being an electrophile make the sugar?

A

Reactive; at this positions most reactions involving ring forms of sugars take place.

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11
Q

What is the most important reaction of sugars?

A

The condensation of the anomeric carbon with the nucleophilic -OH of an alcohol or the -NH of an amine

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12
Q

What is the resulting molecule called?

A

A glycoside

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13
Q

What is the bond formed known as?

A

Glycosidic (C - O) or A glycosidic (C - N) bond

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14
Q

What happens if the anomeric carbon is associated in a glycosidic bond?

A

The sugar (in the ring form) can no longer open up to assume the linear form

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15
Q

What type of chains are able to undergo oxidation?

A

Open chain forms

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16
Q

What happens when the sugar can no longer open up to assume the linear form?

A

The sugar residue becomes a non-reducing sugar

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17
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A free hydroxyl that is only found in linear form.

18
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

When two monosaccharides are linked through a glycosidic bond.

19
Q

How does a disaccharide reaction occur?

A

When the anomeric carbon (electrophile) of one sugar reacts with the hydroxyl group (nucleophile) of the other

20
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

Glycosides

21
Q

How is Lactose formed?

A

The condensation of glucose with Galactose

22
Q

What is Lactose named?

A

gal(B1 ->4)glc

23
Q

How is the glycosidic bond of lactose formed?

A

The glycosidic bond is described as (B1 -> 4): going from C-1 of galactose in the B configuration to C-4 of glucose

24
Q

Why can’t the anomeric carbon of galactose unable to undergo mutarotation?

A

It is involved in a glycosidic bond, therefore unable to form the linear form

25
Q

What does the anomeric carbon in galactose become?

A

Non-reducing

26
Q

What is the Anomeric Carbon in Glucose?

A

Free, therefore able to undergo mutarotation existing in either a(a-lactose), B(B-lactose) or linear forms

27
Q

What is Lactose able to act as?

A

A reducing sugar

28
Q

In disaccharides and polysaccharides, what is the end of a chain with a free anomeric carbon called?

A

Reducing End

29
Q

What must the formation of the glycosidic bond of a disaccharide must involve?

A

The anaemic carbon of one sugar, because that is the only electrophilic C atom in a sugar.

30
Q

What could galactose and glucose form?

A

Lots of different disaccharides besides lactose, making structural isomers of lactose.

31
Q

What are the anomeric carbons of Glucose and Fructose involved in?

A

The glycosidic bond

32
Q

What does both anaemic carbons being involved in the glycosidic bond mean?

A

Surcose is a non-reducing sugar.

33
Q

What does Glucose and Fructose produce?

A

Sucrose

34
Q

What is the Name of Maltose?

A

glc(a1-4)glc

35
Q

What is Maltose?

A

Formed by the breakdown of starch

36
Q

What is Trehalose?

A

glc(a1-a1)glc

*A non-reducing sugar

37
Q

What are most carbohydrates?

A

Highly branched.

38
Q

How is branching possible?

A

As sugars have several OH groups, each of which can act as the nucleophile in forming a glycosidic bond, bonding a single subunit to two (or more) others.

39
Q

What are Homopolysacchardies?

A

Made from a single type of sugar monomer

40
Q

What are heteropolysacchardies?

A

Made from two or more kinds of sugar monomers

BIOCHEM*2580 (21 decks)

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