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BIOCHEM*2580 > Second Half F24II: Lecture Slides 32 - 57 > Flashcards

Second Half F24II: Lecture Slides 32 - 57 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

The breakdown of large molecules into simpler products

(Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates to CO2, H20, NH3)

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2
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

The building of larger molecules from simple precursors

(Sugars. Amino Acids, Fatty acids to Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids)

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3
Q

What do catabolic pathways do?

A

They typically converge

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4
Q

What happens to the carbon “skeletons” of most sugars, fats and amino acids?

A

They are converted into a metabolite called Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)

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5
Q

What can Acetyl CoA be used to build?

A

Everything from fatty acids to steroids to components of proteins and nucleic acids

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6
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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7
Q

What does a metabolic pathways convert?

A

A precursor (A) into a product (E) through a series of intermediates known as metabolites

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8
Q

What does each step in a metabolic pathway bring?

A

A small but specific chemical change.

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9
Q

What does irreversible mean?

A

It contains on reaction that is thermodynamically very favourable

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10
Q

How are metabolic pathways regulated?

A
  • Transcriptional control of enzyme levels
  • Inhibition or activation of enzyme activity
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11
Q

What are the 3 ways of Elucidation of Metabolic Pathways?

A

1.) Metabolic Inhibitors

2.) Biochemical Genetics

3.) The use of Radioactive Labeled Substrates

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12
Q

What does the Use of Metabolic Inhibitors do?

A

When you inhibit an enzyme, you can isolate it and study it.

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13
Q

What can you study using Biochemical Genetics?

A

a. Genetic Diseases

b. The use of Auxotrophic Mutants

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14
Q

What can you do by studying auxotrophic mutants?

A

Identify the mutants by their requirement for the end product of the pathway and identify the metabolites that accumulate

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15
Q

What happens if a compound is synthesized with a 14C atom in it?

A

The compound, and any products derived from the 14C atom will be radioactive and is easily traceable.

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16
Q

How can a 14C be traced?

A

It releases a little flash of energy when it decays

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17
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

The loss of electrons

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18
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

The gain of electrons

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19
Q

How do you figure out if B or A has a greater tendency to accept available e-?

A

Based on their Standard Reduction Potential (E0’) of the two half reactions

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20
Q

What is E0’?

A

The Standard Reduction Potential at pH 7 and 25 degrees celsius

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21
Q

What is SHE?

A

H2 -> 2H+ + 2e-

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22
Q

What is the E0’ of SHE?

A

-0.42 V

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23
Q

What can E0’ be used for?

A

To predict the direction of electron flow

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24
Q

What is the strength of the tendency proportional to?

A

Delta E0’

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25
Q

When can redox reaction proceed spontaneously?

A

IF Delta E0’ is greater than 0 (a positive number)

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26
Q

When will Gibbs free energy be spontaneous?

A

When it is negative

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27
Q

In redox reactions, what is the higher value?

A

Electron Acceptor (oxidizing agent)

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28
Q

What is the lower value?

A

Electron Donor (reducing agent)

29
Q

What is △E0’ equal to (equation)

A

E0’(acceptor) - E0’(donor)

30
Q

How do electrons always flow?

A

From a redox pair with lower E0’ to higher E0’

31
Q

What is the equation for Gibbs Free Energy?

A

-nFE0’

32
Q

What is Faradays Constant?

A

96.5 x 103 J/V mol

33
Q

What can some enzymes use to carry out their functions?

A

1.) Inorganic Ions

2.) Coenzymes

34
Q

What are inorganic Ions?

A

Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cu2+

35
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Complex organic or metallooorganic compounds that act as transient carriers of specific functional groups.

36
Q

What are many coenzymes derivates of?

A

Adenosine

37
Q

What is ATP a carrier/donor of?

A

Many phosphate groups

38
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

To phosphorylate many types of molecules such as sugars, lipids, proteins

39
Q

What does phosphorylation do?

A

The addition of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to a molecule.

40
Q

What is Phosphorylation important for?

A

In biological systems, this reaction is vital for the cellular storage and transfer of free energy using energy carrier molecules.

41
Q

What is kinase?

A

A family of enzymes that phosphorylate molecules with the help of ATP

42
Q

What is CoA a carrier of?

A

Acid groups

43
Q

What is CoA derived from?

A

Pantothenic Acid

44
Q

What are the groups found in CoA

A

B-mercaptoethylamine, pantothenic acid, adenosine

45
Q

What happens when CoA is mixed with organic acids?

A

Forms thioester derivatives

46
Q

What is a thioester?

A

Sulfur analogue of an ester (O has been replaced by an S)

47
Q

What is a coenzyme A thioester derivative called?

A

An acyl CoA

48
Q

In the case of acetic acid, what is the corresponding Acetyl CoA derivative called?

A

Acetyl CoA

49
Q

What are NAD+, NADP+, FAD and FMN involved in?

A

The electrons that are removed from the substrates are transferred on to these cofactors reducing them and conserving the energy of oxidation

50
Q

What are the cofactors NAD+ and FAD involved in?

A

Beta Oxidation

51
Q

What type of nucleotide are NAD and NADP?

A

Pyrimidine Nucleotides (single ring)

52
Q

What are NAD and NADP derived from?

A

The vitamin niacin (B3)

53
Q

What does the structure of NAD and NADP consist of?

A

Niacin (nicotinamide ring) and Adenosine

54
Q

Where do redox reactions occur - NAD and NADP?

A

At the nicotinamide ring

55
Q

What happens during oxidation of substrates?

A

Two hydrogen atoms are removed from the substrate

56
Q

What does the oxidized form of NAD and NADP accept?

A

A hydride (H-) ion - equivalent of a proton and two electrons

57
Q

What does the hydride ion make NAD and NADP?

A

Reduced to become NADH and NADPH

58
Q

Where is the other proton released?

A

Into the environment

59
Q

What is NAD+ used as?

A

The oxidizing agent in fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle

  • The resulting NADH is reoxidizes via ETC to generate energy
60
Q

What is NADPH used as?

A

The reducing agent (losing electrons) in biosynthesis

61
Q

What are FAD and FAM?

A

The flavin nucleotides

62
Q

What vitamin. are FAD and FAM derivates of

A

Riboflavin (B2) vitamin

63
Q

What do Flavin Nucleotides act as?

A

Prosthetic groups (tightly bound to the enzyme helping out)

64
Q

What is the structure of FAD?

A

Adenosine and Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

65
Q

What is the structure of FMN?

A

Monophosphate group and a riboflavin B2 vitamin

66
Q

What can flavin nucleotides accept?

A

One or two electrons (in the form of one or two hydrogen atoms) from substrates undergoing oxidation

67
Q

What are the fully reduced forms of the nucleotides FAD and FMP?

A

FADH2 and FMNH2

68
Q

What happens when only one electron is accepted?

A

They form the stable semiquinone radical DADH and FMNH

69
Q

Due to the ability for FMN and FAD to participate in either one or two electron transfers, what are they involved in?

A

A greater diversity of reactions than the NAD(P) linked dehydrogenases

BIOCHEM*2580 (21 decks)

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