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BIOCHEM*2580 > Second Half F24 II: Lecture Slides 80 - 99 > Flashcards

Second Half F24 II: Lecture Slides 80 - 99 Flashcards

1
Q

What will the complete oxidation of glucose produce?

A

H2O and CO2

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2
Q

What are the three stages of the complete oxidation of glucose?

A

1.) Glycolysis and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

2.) Citric Acid Cycle

3.) ETC

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3
Q

What is the polarity of Glucose?

A

Glucose is hydrophilic

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4
Q

Why can a glucose molecule not diffuse across a membrane?

A

Due to its hydrophilic properties

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5
Q

What molecules catalyze glucose import?

A

Transporter proteins called GLUTs, residing in the cell membrane

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6
Q

What is the many actions of the hormone insulin?

A

To stimulate GLUT mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and adipose tissue.

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7
Q

What is the GLUT-4 transporter?

A

Specific transporter for insulin and only functioning in the presence of insulin

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8
Q

What happens in diabetes?

A

Blood Glucose is not taken up into the cells adequately.

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9
Q

What is the fasting [blood glucose] in the body?

A

Approximately 5mM

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10
Q

What cell types depend solely on glycolysis?

A
  • Red Blood Cells
  • Renal Medulla
  • Brain
  • Sperm
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11
Q

What is glycolysis the only pathway known to be able to do?

A

Provide energy under anaerobic conditions (anaerobic micro-organism are completely depends in glycolysis for energy)

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12
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytosol

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13
Q

What happens in the first 5 reactions of glycolysis?

A

Using an ATP molecule to activate glucose by phosphorylating it

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14
Q

What happens in the last 5 reactions?

A

Seeing the net generation of ATP

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15
Q

What is ATP used as in Step 1: Phosphorylation of Glucose?

A

ATP is used as cofactor that acts as a carrier/donor of phosphate groups to phosphorylate many types of molecules.

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16
Q

What happens in Step 1 of Glycolysis?

A

ATP is used to turn glucose into glucose-6-phosphate

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17
Q

What enzyme helps ATP in this phosphorylation?

A

Hexokinase

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18
Q

What is a Isozyme?

A

Two or more enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded by different genes

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19
Q

How many isozymes of Hexokinase?

A

4

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20
Q

How does hexokinase 4 differ?

A

In its kinetic and regulatory properties

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21
Q

What happens in step two of glycolysis?

A

Phosphohexose Isomeration occurs

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22
Q

What is a Phosphoisomerisation?

A

Turning Glucose-6-Phsophate into Frutcose-6-Phosphate

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23
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this phosphoisomerisation?

A

Phosphohexose Isomerase

24
Q

What is the third step of glycolysis?

A

The second phosphorylation

25
Q

What happens in the second phosphorylation?

A

Fructose 6-phosphate turns into Fructose 1,6-bsiphosphate

26
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction?

A

phosphofructokinase-1

27
Q

What is a Bisphosphate?

A

Has the phosphate in two different positions

28
Q

What is a diphosphate?

A

The phosphates are connected to each other

29
Q

What is the Fourth Step of Glycolysis?

A

The Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate splits into two three carbon units

30
Q

What are the two three carbon units?

A

Dihydrooxyacetone Phosphate and Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

31
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction?

A

Aldolase

32
Q

What happens in the fifth step of Glycolysis?

A

Interconversions of the triode phosphates (three carbon units)

33
Q

What does the Interconversion of the Triose phosphates do?

A

Dihydrooxyacetone Phosphate is immediately isomerized into Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

34
Q

What enzyme carries out the reaction of the Interconversion of the Triose phosphates?

A

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

35
Q

Where does glycolysis continue from?

A

G3P only

36
Q

From this point onwards, what must happen?

A

Two triose molecules must be catabolized for each molecule of glucose with which we started

37
Q

What is step 5 of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Reaction

38
Q

What happens in the dehydrogenase of G3P?

A

G3P combines with an inorganic phosphate to produce 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

39
Q

What is the enzyme that carries out this reaction?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

40
Q

What is the cofactor that carries out this reaction?

A

The reduced cofactor of NAD to NADH

41
Q

Why is this step the key to glycolysis?

A

As the 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is a high energy molecule

42
Q

What must happen to the NADH?

A

It must be reoxidized to carry out glycolysis as an ongoing process

43
Q

What is the sixth step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphoryl transfer from 1,3-BPG to ADP - The first substrate level phosphorylation

44
Q

What does 1,3BPG turn into?

A

3-Phosphoglycerate

45
Q

What reaction occurs for this process?

A

The conversion of ADP To ATP and the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase

46
Q

What is the free energy of the anhydride bond that was broken recovered in?

A

The form of ATP

47
Q

What is the overall stoichiometry of this reaction?

A

Two moles of 1,3-BPG per mole of glucose - so this reaction generates two ATP per glucose

48
Q

What is the 8th step of glycolysis?

A

Conversion of 3-phsophoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate with the use of the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutaste

49
Q

What is a mutate?

A

A sub class of isomerase: mutates catalyze reactions in which a functional group is shunted between different positions in a molecule

50
Q

What is the 9th step of glycolysis?

A

Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate

51
Q

What does 2-phosphoglycerate turn into?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate with the removal of water

52
Q

What enzyme does this?

A

Enolase

53
Q

What is the 10th step of glycolysis?

A

Transfer of the phosphorylation group from the phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP: The Second Level Substrate Level Phosphorylation

54
Q

What does Phosphoenolpyruvate turn into?

A

Pyruvate (enrol form) with the use of ADP to ATP and the cofactors Mg and K

55
Q

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

Pyruvate Kinase

56
Q

What happens to the Pyruvate (enrol form)

A

It quickly tautomerizes to keto-pyruvate (giving rise to a large negative delta G)

BIOCHEM*2580 (21 decks)

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