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BIBC120 > Second Half > Flashcards

Second Half Flashcards

1
Q

Which two water-soluble vitamins are important for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine?

A

Folate (Folic Acid) and Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin).

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2
Q

What are the three components of folic acid?

A

Pteridine, para-benzoic acid, glutamate

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3
Q

True or false: Correct if false. A deficiency in folic acid in the fetus can result in spina bifida.

A

True.

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4
Q

True or False: Correct if false. Pyridoxal is essential for synthesis of dTMP for DNA synthesis.

A

False. Folic Acid.

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5
Q

Transport of heme iron into the absorptive cells of the duodenum is done by:

A

Probably Ferriportin.

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6
Q

True or False: Zinc is needed for binding of certain cold viruses to their receptors.

A

False.

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7
Q

Zinc interferes with the absorption of what other mineral?

A

Copper (Cu).

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8
Q

Proper sexual maturation requires adequae levels of what mineral?

A

Zinc.

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9
Q

Zinc-deficient pigs will die of malnutrition if deprived of

Zn even if given food. Explain.

A

Zinc deficiency leads to loss of taste sensitivity.

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10
Q

Zinc absorption is inhibited by high levels of what?

A

Phytic acid, Calcium

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11
Q

Should individuals who need more zinc eat leavened or unleavened bread? Explain.

A

Leavened bread. Yeast in leavened bread break down phytic acid, which is an antinutrient for zinc.

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12
Q

A person who is morbidly obese has a BMI of:

A

40-50

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13
Q

A person who is super obese has a BMI of:

A

50-60

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14
Q

A person who is severely obese has a BMI of:

A

35-40

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15
Q

A person who is obese has a BMI of:

A

30-35

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16
Q

ADH, carbonic anhydrase and superoxide dismutase all require one particular mineral to function. Name this mineral.

A

Zinc.

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17
Q

What are the three components needed to calculate energy expenditure?

A

Basal metabolism, Physical activity, Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

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18
Q

Define basal metabolism.

A

Minimal energy expended in a fasting state to keep a resting, conscious person alive in a warm quiet environment. Accounts for 60-70% of total energy expenditure.

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19
Q

How is basal metabolism affected by the following? 1) Decrease in energy Intake, 2) Increase in energy intake, 3) Increase in age after 30

A

1) BM decreases; 2) No change; 3) BM decreases 1-2% each year after 30.

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20
Q

Decrease in hydroxyproline levels is directly associated with which disease?

A

Scurvy

21
Q

Which vitamin is needed for conversion of proline to hydroxyproline?

A

Vitamin C

22
Q

What is the percent of US Americans with diabetes in the population?

A

~9% and climbing.

23
Q

Individuals with diabetes are at high risk of beriberi. Explain.

A

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (Active B1) levels are lower in diabetics, partly because the elevated blood sugar causes increased thiamine excretion by the kidney at a rate twenty-five times higher than normal. This leads to an acute deficiency of thiamine, also called beri-beri.

24
Q

What is the Fasting Glucose range for a pre-diabetic individual?

A

100-126mg/dL

25
Q

What is the 2hr Glucose range for a pre-diabetic individual?

A

140-200mg/dL

26
Q

What is the HbA-1c range for a pre-diabetic individual?

A

5.7-6.4%

27
Q

Impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance are biomarkers for:

A

Pre-diabetes, through the Fasting Glucose, 2hr Glucose and HbA-1c tests.

28
Q

What does the HbA-1c specifically test for?

A

percentage of glycated hemoglobin

29
Q

Ethnicity affects diabetes risk as follows (especially pertains to teenage Americans):

A

Native Americans have the highest risk while Caucasians have the lowest

30
Q

What component of hydroxyapetite do people usually do not get enough of in their diet:

A

Calcium

31
Q

Explain why “Loss of insulin production by the pancreas”

occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics.

A

Type 1: The beta cells are destroyed by autoimmunity or viruses
Type 2: Beta cell failure as a result of pacreatic exhaustion in later stages.

32
Q

Which vitamin supplement was found to increase risk of lung cancer in smokers?

A

Beta-Carotene

33
Q

The two minerals found in greatest abundance in the body are:

A

1) Phosphorus (Think DNA backbone and kinases)

2) Calcium (Think bones and cascade responses in nerve synapses)

34
Q

Type II Diet medications such as Orlistat Inhibit Fat Absorption. What undesired nutritional side effect does this have?

A

Reduced fat soluble vitamin uptake

35
Q

Removing the satiety center of hypothalamus would have a similar effect on weight gain as
enhancing synthesis of:

A

Ghrelin, which stimulates appetite

36
Q

What are the three functions of Ghrelin

A
  • Stimulates food intake (appetite enhancer)

* Induces weight gain

37
Q

Ghrelin and Obestatin are both GI signals produced in the upper GI tract and the stomach. How do they differ in function?

A

Obestatin promotes the opposite effect of Ghreline. Obestatin suppresses apetite.

38
Q

Studies of specific diets based on your blood type have shown that these diets:

A

improve biomarkers if you eat a plant-based diet independent of blood type

39
Q

True or False: Lactose intolerance can result from viral gastroenteritis.

A

True.

40
Q

True or False: Lactose intolerance is rare in people of Asian and African-American descent.

A

False.

41
Q

In mice, what is the wildtype Obesity (Ob) gene?

A

encodes a peptide hormone made in adipocytes that controls satiety

42
Q

In mice, the mutant Obesity (Ob) gene leads to:

A

Morbid obesity

43
Q

Which teratogen/neuro/liver toxin was found unexpectedly in high levels in typical families in California (e.g. the Berkeley Family study)?

A

PBDE

44
Q

What kind of toxin is PFOA?

A

carcinogen and liver toxin

45
Q

What kind of toxin is pthalate?

A

neurotoxin

46
Q

What kind of toxin is Bisphenol A (BPA)?

A

endocrine disruptor

47
Q

What potent neurotoxin has declined dramatically in people’s blood over the past 40 years?

A

Lead; No longer used in gasoline and paint

48
Q

Explain what the Costa Rican study of coffee drinkers showed with regards to: 1) Mutations in a cytochrome P450 gene; 2) metabolizing speed of caffeine.

A

1) mutations in a cytochrome P450 gene can affect risk of heart attacks from coffee
2) slow metabolizers of caffeine had an increased risk of heart attack from coffee

BIBC120 (21 decks)

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