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BIBC120 > Midterm 1 - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name all the organs of digestion

A 
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine
• Accessory Organs ((liver, pancreas, gall
bladder & salivary glands)
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2
Q

Fxns of saliva

A

Digest carbohydrates with salivary amylases
Lubricate (mucous)
Antimicrobial (lysozyme that digests bacterial cell walls)
—Bolus formation—

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3
Q

Fxns of Taste Receptors

A
  • Sweet and salt receptors attract us to carbs and salt
  • Bitter receptors repel us from toxins
  • Sour receptors repel us from fermented (acidic) food
  • Umami receptors attract us to protein
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4
Q

Interactions between salt, bitter & sour receptors:

A

attracts us to food

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5
Q

Interactions between salt, bitter & sour receptors:

>300mM Na

A

activates sour & bitter receptors causing aversion

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6
Q

Interactions between salt, bitter & sour receptors:

Inactivate bitter or sour receptors

A

lose aversion to high salt

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7
Q

Characteristics of Esophagus

A

secretes water & mucus

movement by peristalsis

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8
Q

Entry to Esophagus controlled by

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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9
Q

Back flow into esophagus controlled by

A

cardiac (lower esophageal) sphincter

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10
Q

Fxns of stomach

A
  • Residence time: 2-3 hr
  • solubilize and digest food to acid chyme
  • Releases acid (HCl, drops pH to 1-2) and proteases
  • Acid denatures proteins (inactivates salivary amylase), hydrolyzes carbs, dissolves minerals (e.g. Ca), kills microbes, activates pepsinogen to pepsin
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11
Q

Fxn of parietal cells in stomach

A

release HCl

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12
Q

Fxn of chief cells in stomach

A

store then release pepsinogen

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13
Q

Pepsinogen is activated by acid and becomes:

A

pepsin

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14
Q

Fxn of Surface mucous cells

A

release mucus: protects stomach lining from acid

and proteases and from inflammation induced by food antigens

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15
Q

Infant Stomach/Digestion

A

lower acid production

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16
Q

raw honey in infants

A

botulism poisoning by spores of Clostridium botulinum (paralyzes muscles)

17
Q

~40% mothers start feeding infants solid food at 4 months. Why is this a problem?

A

Solid food

18
Q

Chyme flow from stomach -> small intestine is controlled by what sphincter?

A

pyloric sphincter; Squirts only a few mLs to S.I. at a time so SI can neutralize acid (with NaHCO3) because enzymes in SI need neutral pH

19
Q

What occurs in the small intestine?

A

Digestion is completed and most nutrients and minerals absorbed in this region.

20
Q

Fxn of Duodenum

A

releases NaHCO3 from pancreas to neutralize HCl

from stomach

21
Q

Small intestine includes the following 3 components:

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

22
Q

How do the following affect the SI lining?

Malnutrition (starvation), pathogens, chemotherapy or toxins

A

regeneration is impaired, villi are destroyed and can’t absorb nutrients and get diarrhea

23
Q

Fxns of large intestine

A
  • Absorbs electrolytes (Na/K), water, gases and solidifies mass
  • Supports growth of beneficial bacteria
  • Secretes undigested plant fibers, animal connective tissue and bacteria.
  • Longer in women
24
Q

Beneficial bacteria in the large intestine are responsible for:

A

producing certain nutrients (Vit K & biotin) and fermenting some undigested material.

25
Q

Fxn of portal vein

A
  • protects blood from toxic compounds in SI (e.g. ammonium)
  • Portal vein transfers water soluble compounds in SI -> directly to liver: processed and detoxified -> blood
  • Hydrophobic molecules -> lymphatic system -> blood
26
Q

fxns of Salivary Glands:

A

secrete mucus, amylase and lysozyme

27
Q

fxns of Liver:

A
  • produces bile for fat absorption,
  • stores glycogen & lipids,
  • detoxifies
28
Q

fxns of Gall Bladder:

A

stores bile from liver then delivers it through bile

duct into pancreatic duct

29
Q

fxns of Pancreas:

A

produces NaHCO3 & hydrolases (lipases, amylases,
chymotrypsinogen & trypsinogen), which mix with bile and are delivered to duodenum;
Also endocrine gland: insulin & glucagon

30
Q

The two types of regulators in digestion are

A

nervous system and GI tract itself

31
Q

How does the nervous system regulate digestion?

A

cut nerves of test animals and found release of saliva,

swallowing and gastric secretions was affected

32
Q

How does the GI tract itself regulate digestion?

A

uses peptide hormones

33
Q

Fxn of secretin as a peptide hormone

A
  • Apply acid to SI -> pancreatic secretions into SI
  • even if nerves were cut -> signal released from SI
  • Secretin from SI induced pancreas secretions

BIBC120 (21 decks)

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