Final - Lecture 15

Question 1

Name the increased risks associated with obesity

Answer 1

Diabetes, heart attacks, stroke and cancer

Question 2

What issue is associated with childhood obesity?

Answer 2

Obese children have 7.5x the risk of becoming obese adults

Question 3

Which ethnic group is most at risk for obesity?

Answer 3

African-American women

Question 4

What are some health risks associated with obesity?

Answer 4

Diabetes, Cancer, Hypertension and CVD

Question 5

What is the mechanism by which obesity increases the chance of breast cancer?

Answer 5

Obesity often leads to high levels of cholesterol which can be converted to hydroxycholesterol. 27HC (hydroxycholesterol) binds estrogen receptor, which encourages tumor growth.

Question 6

What is the relationship between obesity and liver cancer?

Answer 6

A high fat diet leads to obesity. The large amount of fat leads to more bile usage. Bile acids that reach the large intestine can be converted by bacteria present obese mice into a liver carcinogen (DCA)

Question 7

Besides cancer, what other impacts can obesity have on health?

Answer 7

Insulin insensitivity -> diabetes, immune system weakened, brain cells can be impacted which can lead to Alzheimer’s.

Question 8

Metabolic diseases can be caused by energy and metabolic imbalance. What are some factors of these?

Answer 8

1) amount and type of food eaten
2) amount of activity
3) basal metabolic rate

Question 9

There is a positive correlation between the number of obese parents and the obesity risk of the child. Explain the reason for this.

Answer 9

Based on twin studies, genetics seem to have an impact on obesity risk. Genes control 40-70% of weight gain,

Question 10

What genes are associated with obesity risk and what do they do?

Answer 10

Thrifty genes. They promote conservation and storage of energy.

Question 11

What are some genes that can cause obesity and how do they do this?

Answer 11

Ob gene via control of satiety

MRAP2 gene which controls energy homeostasis in the brain

Question 12

How does change in microbiota impact obesity?

Answer 12

A more diverse microbiota leads to a decrease in obesity risk

Question 13

What is an environmental factor that can lead to obesity

Answer 13

The people we interact with can increase the risk of obesity. Obese friends have the most impact, followed by spouse while neighbors have little to no effect

Question 14

Name some lifestyle risk factors that are most related with increased obesity

Answer 14

1) Sweetened beverages (soda)
2) fast foods
3) large portion sizes
4) Screen (esp. TV) time
5) High energy intake (kcals)
6) energy-dense foods

Question 15

What lifestyle factors that can decrease obesity risk?

Answer 15

Dietary factors: higher consumption of dietary fiber, fruits, veggies (plant-based whole foods)

Question 16

What is the impact of insulin on obesity risk?

Answer 16

Increased insulin levels increases the amount of fat storage in your body, which can lead to obesity

Question 17

How is body mass index (BMI) calculated?

Answer 17

(body weight in kg)/((ht in m)^2)

For the english system, multiply by 703.1 to account for conversion factors.

Question 18

What are the BMI categories?

Answer 18

23 Asians)
30-35: obese (>25 Asians)
35-40: severely obese
40-50: morbidly obese
50-60: super obese

Question 19

True of False: BMI indicates how weight is distributed?

Answer 19

False, in order to determine weight distribution, it is necessary to take into other factors like density or subcutaneous fat.

Question 20

What are some increased risk associated with increased visceral fat?

Answer 20

CVD, diabetes, breast and colon cancers, hypertension and metabolic syndrome

Question 21

What is metabolic syndrome and what are some risk factors that are included?

Answer 21

Is a biological marker that is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD.
Requires 4 or 5 of the following factors to be classified as such:
abdominal obesity
high blood glucose
high blood pressure
high blood triglycerides
high LDL and low HDL levels
insulin resistance or glucose intolerance
high inflammatory markers

Question 22

What are the components of Energy Expenditure?

Answer 22

EE=Basal Metabolism x Physical activity x Thermic food effect

Question 23

What is TEF and how does cooking impact it?

Answer 23

Thermic Food Effect is the energetic cost of digesting food. Cooking food decreases TEF by making the food more easily digested.

Question 24

Basal metabolism is the minimal energy expended in a fasting state to keep a resting conscious person alive in warm quiet environment. What are some factors calculated into this and how much of energy expenditure is accounted for?

Answer 24

Heart beat, respiration, thermogenesis. It accounts for 60-70% of total energy expenditure