Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIBC120 > First Half > Flashcards

First Half Flashcards

1
Q

What is an alternative name for cobalamine and what are it’s deficiency symptoms

A

Vitamin B12; megaloblastic anemia, nerve degeneration, fatigue, increased homocysteine leading to increased risk of CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is molecule is vitamin D3 synthesized from and what disease could be potentially reversed using vitamin D3?

A

Cholecalciferol (needs to be converted to calcitriol to be active); can be used to treat rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of antioxidants are tocopherol and carotenoids?

A

They are fat soluble antioxidants. (membranes and lipoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structure is Niacin (vitamin B3) a part of?

A

It can be found in NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of Niacin? Do they appear immediately?

A

Pellagra; Widespread damage to body and appears as dementia, delirium, diarrhea, dermatitis and death.
No, they appear about 2 months after the deficiency starts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F

Pyridoxal is the active form of vitamin B6

A

F, PLP (phosphorlyated pyridoxal) is the active form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to convulsions in both infants and adults; name some additional symptoms that appear in adults.

A

anemia and dermatitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F Vitamin B6 has no upper limit.

A

F, Vitamin B6 has an upper limit with toxicity symptoms of irreversible nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Riboflavin(B2) is used to make _________, by adding ________. This substrate is involved in what processes?

A

FAD
ADP
Involved in redox reactions including theTCA cycle, FA oxidation, dehydrogenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F Nicotinamide is derived from the vitamin Niacin.

A

F, Tryptophan is a source for nicotinamide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the active form of Thiamine and what is its reactive group?

A

TPP (Thiamine pyrophosphate); The thiazole ring is the reactive group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is TPP involved in?

A

Decarboxylation reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the biomarker for vitamin B1?

A

Transketolase activity - Transketolase depends on TPP as a cofactor so its activity is a good indicator of whether there were sufficient levels of TPP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B1 and how does alcohol impact this?

A

after 1-2 weeks, leads to beriberi: Victim is very weak, poorly coordinated, thin, apathetic, loss of short-term memory. Alcohol consumption inhibits absorption and increases excretion of B1 increasing chance of deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some hormones that can be targeted by diet medicine and how do they work?

A

Norepinephrine and seratonin. Block norepinephrine reuptake and induce seratonin responses leading to a feeling of satiety (appetite suppression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F The multistep conversion of D3 to its active form occurs in the skin then liver then kidneys

A

T, Provitamin D to D3(cholecalciferol) in skin using UV, to hydroxy-D3 (calcidiol) in the liver, to dihydroxy-D3 (calcitriol) in the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the ideal conditions for the conversion of Vit D to D3 using UV?

A

Young, fair skin people in low smog areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is calcidiol or calcitriol more stable?

A

calcidiol remains stable for weeks compared to the 12-24 hours of calcitriol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which proteins are involved in iron transport and in what order are they used?

A

Ferritin binds iron
Ferroportin transports the iron out of the absorptive cells
Transferrin is the transport protein found in blood
Transferrin receptor is used by cells to uptake iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What protein reduces blood iron levels?

A

Hepcidin: it degrades ferroportin, preventing the release of iron from absorptive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does hepcidin behave during an infection?

A

It is upregulated so that the pathogens have less iron to grow.

22
Q

PLP is involved in transamination. Which functional groups are involved in the reaction? What intermediate is formed during the transamination?

A

The aldehyde group is the main reactive group. An adjacent alcohol can add to stabilization
Schiff base is formed

23
Q

Niacin is a part of NAD and is involved in redox reactions. In addition to this, what can Niacin be used for?

A

It is also used to treat Atherosclerosis.
Megadoses 1.5-2 gm/day decrease LDL and increase HDL. However, can lead to toxicity: flushing, swollen tongue, GI problems and liver damage.

24
Q

Rhodopsin is found in the eye and is involved in sight. When exposed to light, what conformation change is seen?

A

The cis-Retinal in rhodopsin is converted into trans-Retinal causing it to separate from opsin.

25
Q

What is needed to regenerate rhodopsin?

A

The conversion of trans-retinal back into cis-retinal is needed. A deficiency of retinal would slow this regeneration. Therefore Vitamin A is important for vision

26
Q

T/F

Vitamin C is found in high levels in the eye and is involved in the conversion of retinal into rhodopsin.

A

F. It is found in high levels in the eyes but is involved the removal of free radicals.

27
Q

What are the 3 parts of folic acid?

A

Pteridine, Para-aminobenzoic acid, and glutamate

28
Q

Sodium and Potassium are pumped across the membrane through the use of a atpase. Which is found in higher concentrations inside the cell? Which is higher outside the cell?

A

Potassium in

Sodium out

29
Q

What is the role of Cl- and where is it found mostly?

A

Found outside the cell. It is used to balance the charge of K and Na

30
Q

Is the average intake of K and Cl high or low relative to the adequate intake?

A

The average intake of K is too low while the opposite is true for Cl

31
Q

What are the symptoms of potassium deficiency?

A

1st: loss of appetite, muscle cramps, confusion
Eventually: heart stops.

32
Q

What are the AI, UL, and average intake of Na?

A

AI: 1.5 g/d (adults

33
Q

What is the relationship between sodium and Hypertension?

A

High sodium intake with HT greatly increases the risk of HBP and CVD

34
Q

What is the calcium RDA for 18-19 y old?

A

1.2 - 1.3 g

35
Q

What is the max amount of calcium that should be consumed per meal?

A

500 mg/meal for women

400 mg/meal for men

36
Q

What are the risk factors of Osteoporosis?

A
  • long term deficiency in Ca intake!
  • estrogen loss (menopause or amenorrhea from food disorders).!
  • inactivity (weight bearing & resistance training increase Ca bone)!
  • genetics
  • increasing age-women loose on average 2-6 inches in height over 30 years!
  • high sodium, caffeine, & alcohol intake and smoking
  • cola (diet or regular). Affects women but not men.
37
Q

What group has the highest risk for osteoporosis? Lowest?

A

Highest: Asian women
Lowest: African men

38
Q

What can be done to prevent osteoporosis?

A

weight bearing exercise & adequate Ca/D in diet!

39
Q

How is the average phosphorus intake relative to the RDA?

A

higher

40
Q

What are the symptoms of excess and deficient Phosphorus?

A

Excess: impaired kidney function & vascular damage.
Deficient: bone loss, poor growth & tooth development, rickets in children. Problem in alcoholics

41
Q

How is the average Magnesium intake relative to the RDA?

A

Lower

42
Q

What are the symptoms of excess and deficient Magnesium?

A

Excess: None for normal food, but 350 mg/day from supplement diarrhea & kidney failure.
Deficient: neuronal and cardiac problems

43
Q

Which hormones are involved in maintaining calcium homeostasis?

A

For increasing blood calcium, parathyroid hormone: Vit D levels, Ca mobilization from bones, Ca retention by kidneys, Ca uptake by intestines.
For decreasing blood calcium, calcitonin: Opposite of PTH

44
Q

What is the difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy

A

A food allergy invokes an immune response while a food intolerance doest not. A severe allergic response can lead to anaphylaxis.

45
Q

Name some factors that promote the absorption of non-heme iron.

A 
Gastric acid (helps with solubilization)
Vit C (reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ and forms chelate)
Meat protein (2-3X better absorption relative to egg protein, mxn unknown)
46
Q

What is the predominant form of iron in plants and animals? What % is absorbed?

A

non-heme or mineral iron. 2-10% absorbed.

47
Q

Name some factors that inhibit the absorption of non-heme iron?

A

phytic acid, oxalic acid, tannins in tea and coffee, low gastric acid, some antacids

48
Q

Why does the loss of epithelial cells from the lining of the GI track reduce iron absorption?

A

These cells are involved in the actual absorption of iron. If they are gone, iron cannot be absorbed.

49
Q

What mineral does Thyroxine contain?

A

Iodide

50
Q

What are some processes that require folic acid?

A

conversion of homocysteine to methionine
proper spine development in the developing fetus
synthesis of dTMP for DNA synthesis

BIBC120 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions