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BIBC120 > Final - Lecture 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Final - Lecture 13 & 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the water input/output amounts per day for fluids, food, and metabolic sources?

A 
In | out
Fluids: 1.0 L | 1.4 L Urine
Food: 1.0 L | 0.1 L Stool
Metabolic: 0.4 L | 0.9 L sweat/breath
Total: 2.4 L | 2.4L
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2
Q

How much water is lost during vigorous exercise?

A

1L/hr

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3
Q

How much water is lost during air travel?

A

1.5 L during a 3 hour flight due to dryer air

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4
Q

Water deficiency symptoms

A

dehydration (flushed skin, nausea, headache).

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5
Q

Water overdose symptoms

A

Overwhelms kidneys -> water intoxication & low Na in blood

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6
Q

What are the requirements for a mineral to be classified as a major mineral?

A

RDA of over 100mg/d or more than 0.01% of body weight

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7
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

% absorbed by the body

Ex) macronutrients is 90-95%, minerals is 2-60%

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8
Q

What are antinutrients?

A

Molecules that restrict bioavailibility by inhibiting absorption

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9
Q

What is phytic acid (inositol-Pi_6) and where is it found?

A

It is an antinutrient for Zn. Found in whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds and unleavened bread (leavened bread has less due to break down by yeast)

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10
Q

What is Oxalic acid and where is it found?

A

Antinutrient for Ca. High concentration in spinach.

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11
Q

Tannins?

A

Antinutrient for Fe. High in tea and coffee

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12
Q

Where is most calcium found in the body?

A

99% of calcium is found in the bones and teeth in the form of a complex called hyroxyapetite (Ca-PO4-OH)

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13
Q

What are calcium’s bioavailability and absorption requirements

A

25% - Vitamin D is necessary for absorption

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14
Q

What are calcium’s signaling functions?

A

Neurotransmission and Muscle contraction

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15
Q

What are calcium’s structural functions?

A

Major component of bones and teeth, which are dynamic structures.

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16
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They build bones.

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17
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Bone resorption/breakdown of mineral matrix.

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18
Q

Explain the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

A

Net addition of Ca to bones until 20-25 years then turnover. Skeleton completely regenerates every 7 years.

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19
Q

What is the normal range of calcium in blood?

A

8.5 mg/dl to 10.8 mg/dl.

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20
Q

What happens when blood calcium gets too low?

A

increase in parathyroid hormone leading to an increase in vitamin D levels, Ca mobilization from bones, Ca retention in kidneys (to be secreted into system), Ca uptake by intestines

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21
Q

What happens when blood calcium gets too high?

A

increase in calcitonin leading to a decrease in parathyroid hormone and Vit D levels, Ca release from bones, Ca retention by kidneys (more excretion to urine), Ca uptake by intestines.

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22
Q

What are the richest food sources for calcium?

A

dairy, leafy greens (collard greens > kale) except spinach since it is high in oxalic acid too.

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23
Q

What are some calcium supplements

A

Ca-carbonate: most common an cheapest

Ca-citrate: used if problems with low acid in GI

24
Q

What are issues with natural sources of Ca (oyster shells or bones)?

A

Higher risk of heavy metals, especially lead

25
Q

What are the risks of too much calcium?

A

Up risk of CVD in men not women
Up risk of heart attacks when not taken in conjunction with Vit D
Up risk of glaucoma
>500mg/meal (400 for men) can neutralize gastric acid and inhibit Ca, Zn, Fe uptake.

26
Q

How does WHO define Osteoporosis?

A

bone mineral density 2.5 SD below peak bone mass (20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average).

27
Q

What is the impact of osteoporosis?

A

1/3 to 1/2 of women having at least one fracture in their lifetime (2 million/year) with the vertebrae and hip being the most vulnerable.

28
Q

What are osteoporosis risk factors

A 
long term deficiency in Ca intake
estrogen loss (menopause or amenorrhea from food disorders)
Genetics (worst-Asians
29
Q

What can be done to prevent osteoporosis?

A

Weight bearing exercise and adequate Ca/D in diet

30
Q

Functions of Phosphorus and Magnesium

A

Involved in bone growth and maintenance
Essential nucleic acid and energy metabolism i.e. ATP synthesis
Efficient absorption and enhanced Vit D
Blood levels regulated by kidneys

31
Q

How is the average intake of phosphorus relative to the RDA?

A

Higher than the RDA

32
Q

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms

A

bone loss
poor growth/tooth development
Rickets in children
Is a big problem in alcoholics

33
Q

Phosphorus excess symptoms

A

impaired kidney function and vascular damage.

34
Q

How is the average intake of Magnesium relative to the RDA?

A

Lower than the RDA

35
Q

Magnesium deficiency symptoms

A

Neuronal and cardiac problems

36
Q

Magnesium excess symptoms

A

diarrhea and kidney failure

37
Q

Relative amounts of Na

A

Intracellular: 12 mmol/L
Extracellular: 145 mmol/L
Much more (~12x) in extracellular fluid

38
Q

Relative amounts of K

A

Intracellular: 155 mmol/L
Extracellular: 4 mmol/L
Much more (~40x) in intracellular fluid

39
Q

Relative amounts of Cl

A

Intracellular: 3.8 mmol/L
Extracellular: 120 mmol/L
Much more (~40x) in extracellular fluid

40
Q

What is the ratio of Na to K transported across the plasma membrane and what is it caused by?

A

3 Na out and 2 K in by PM ATPase

41
Q

What fraction of energy is used by Na/K ATPase?

A

1/3 of energy in most cells

2/3 of energy in neurons

42
Q

Function of Na+

A

Major cation in extracellular space, used for nutrient uptake and nerve impulses

43
Q

Function of K+

A

Major cation inside cells, used for nerve impulses

44
Q

Function of Cl-

A

Major anion outside cell, used to balance K and Na

45
Q

How is the average intake of K relative to the AI/UL?

A

too little intake

46
Q

How is the average intake of Cl relative to the AI/UL?

A

too much intake

47
Q

Symptoms of K deficiency

A

1st lost of appetite, muscle cramps and confusion

Then heart stops

48
Q

AI of Na

A

1.5 g/d

49
Q

UL of Na

A

1.5 g/d (for high risk groups like age 50+, African Americans, people with diabetes or hypertension or chronic kidney disease) or 2.3 g/d (average people)

50
Q

Average intake of Na

A

3.3 g/d (too much)

51
Q

Impact of high Na

A

increase risk of HBP and CVD

52
Q

What is classified as hypertension?

A

High blood pressure (>140/90)

53
Q

Impact of hypertension of health

A

major risk factor for CHD, strokes and kidney disease

54
Q

Risk factors for hypertension

A 
high salt intake
#1 is obesity (2-6x more likely to have HBP than lean person)
55
Q

Na consumption in US

A

Remains about the same over the years: too much

56
Q

Food sources of Na&K

A

Processed food: high in Na and low in K

Unprocessed food: low in Na and high in K

BIBC120 (21 decks)

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