sec 1 foundation of human movement Flashcards
sagittal plane
divides body into right and left portions
movements in sagittal plane occur about the _______ axis
mediolateral (ML)
main movements of sagittal plane are
flexion, extension
what plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal plane
movements in the frontal plane occur about the _____ axis
anteriorposterior (AP)
main movements of frontal plane
abduction, adduction, flexion
what plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane
movements in the transverse plane occur about the ______ axis
longitudinal
main movements of transverse plane
rotation
what planes divide body into equal halves
cardinal planes
what constitutes an absolute reference frame?
origin, planes, and axes are fixed, typically with regard to the gravitational field
what are absolute segment angles between
a segment and a line parallel to the ground
what constitutes a relative reference frame?
planes and axes are rotated with respect to gravitational field
what are relative joint angles between
two articulating segments
what are degrees of freedom?
number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move
1 degree of freedom is? and ex
uniaxial
ex: elbow
2 degrees of freedom is? and ex
biaxial
ex: wrist
3 degrees of freedom is? and ex:
triaxial
ex: shoulder
movements around mediolateral axes in sagittal plane
flexion/extension
hyperextension
plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
what is flexion
decreasing joint angle
what is extension
increasing joint angle
what is hyperflexion
flexion beyond “normal range”
what is hyperextension
extension beyond “normal range”
what are the 2 interpretations of “normal range”
- past anatomical position/cardinal plane
2. past physiological possibility
describe neck flexion
bringing chin towards chest
describe neck extension
bringing head back to anatomical position
describe neck hyperextension
extending head towards posterior
describe shoulder flexion
lifting arm up perpendicular to body (arm is in front of body)
describe shoulder extension
bringing arm straight next to body
describe shoulder hyperflexion
lifting arm straight above head or past 90 degrees to body
describe elbow flexion
bending elbow atforearm
describe elbow extension
straightening forearm
describe wrist flexion
decreasing angle between palm of hand and forearm
describe trunk flexion
vertebral joints cause curving and lower ribs are brought to hips
describe hip flexion
bringing thigh closer to trunk
describe knee flexion
bending knee to bring shank closer to rear
describe ankle dorsiflexion
decreasing angle between toes and shank
describe ankle plantar flexion
pointing toes
what are movements around the anteroposterior axis in the frontal plane
abduction/adduction, radial deviation/ulnar deviation, inversion/eversion, elevation/depression, upward rotation/downward rotation, lateral flexion
describe lateral right/left neck flexion
bringing ear towards shoulder. returning from right lateral neck flexion is left lateral neck flexion, and vice versa
what is abduction
moving away from midline
what is adduction
moving towards midline
what is hyperabduction
abduction past 180 degree pt
what is hyperadduction
adduction past 0 degree point
what is upward scapular rotation
bottom of scapula (inferior angle) moves laterally, top (superior angle) moves medially;
occurs with shoulder abduction as well
what is downward scapular rotation
return to normal;
occurs with shoulder adduction
describe lateral right/left trunk flexion
a movement occuring at vertebrae, trunk tilts to right or left
describe foot eversion
tilting outside of foot up
describe inversion
tilting inside side of foot inward
what are movements around the longitudinal axes in the transverse plane
internal (medial) rotation/external (lateral) rotation;
pronation/supination;
horizontal abduction/adduction
describe circumduction
movement in a conic fashion;
multiplanar movement (saggital and frontal planes);
combination of flexion,adduction, extension, and adduction
what body parts circumduct
neck, shoulder, fungers/thumb. trunk, hip, ankle
describe horizontal adduction/abduction of shoulder
shoulder is adducted/abducted while “in flexion”
what plane does horizontal adduction/abduction occur in
transverse
describe pronation of the foot
dorsiflexion at anke and eversion in the tarsals (foot twisted up and out)
describe supination of the foot
plantarflexion at ankle, inversion in the tarsals (more weight on outside of foot)
functions of skeleton
leverage and support
what are osteocytes
bone cells
what are osteoblasts
cells that create bone (think blast = build)
what are osteoclasts
cells that resorb bone (think clast = clean)
describe cortical bone tissue
compact and very dense outer layer
describe cancellous bone tissue
spongy, very porous, inner layer
describe epiphyseal cartilage
cartilage separating the ends from the rest of the bone. Also called the “growth plate”
what is the diaphysis
the bone between the 2 growth plates, the middle
what is the epiphysis
the ends of the bone
what is endochondral ossification
cartilage is replaced by bone
describe resorption of bone
responds to decreased stress;
osteoclasts dominate;
disuse, immobilization, microgravity
describe deposition
responds to increased stress
osteoblasts dominate; occurs due to weight-bearing exercise
what is it called when there is not optimal stress or physiologic hypertropthy, and why?
pathologic/atrophy from underuse or decay or pathologic/destruction from overuse or injury
what are 2 main ways to increase stress
higher frequency (reps) and higher weight (load)
how does stress fracture occur
overuse, so resorption weakens bone and deposition occurs too slowly
