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Kinesiology > sec 1 foundation of human movement > Flashcards

sec 1 foundation of human movement Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into right and left portions

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2
Q

movements in sagittal plane occur about the _______ axis

A

mediolateral (ML)

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3
Q

main movements of sagittal plane are

A

flexion, extension

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4
Q

what plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

A

frontal plane

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5
Q

movements in the frontal plane occur about the _____ axis

A

anteriorposterior (AP)

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6
Q

main movements of frontal plane

A

abduction, adduction, flexion

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7
Q

what plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions

A

transverse plane

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8
Q

movements in the transverse plane occur about the ______ axis

A

longitudinal

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9
Q

main movements of transverse plane

A

rotation

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10
Q

what planes divide body into equal halves

A

cardinal planes

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11
Q

what constitutes an absolute reference frame?

A

origin, planes, and axes are fixed, typically with regard to the gravitational field

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12
Q

what are absolute segment angles between

A

a segment and a line parallel to the ground

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13
Q

what constitutes a relative reference frame?

A

planes and axes are rotated with respect to gravitational field

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14
Q

what are relative joint angles between

A

two articulating segments

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15
Q

what are degrees of freedom?

A

number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move

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16
Q

1 degree of freedom is? and ex

A

uniaxial

ex: elbow

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17
Q

2 degrees of freedom is? and ex

A

biaxial

ex: wrist

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18
Q

3 degrees of freedom is? and ex:

A

triaxial

ex: shoulder

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19
Q

movements around mediolateral axes in sagittal plane

A

flexion/extension
hyperextension
plantar flexion/dorsiflexion

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20
Q

what is flexion

A

decreasing joint angle

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21
Q

what is extension

A

increasing joint angle

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22
Q

what is hyperflexion

A

flexion beyond “normal range”

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23
Q

what is hyperextension

A

extension beyond “normal range”

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24
Q

what are the 2 interpretations of “normal range”

A
  1. past anatomical position/cardinal plane

2. past physiological possibility

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25
describe neck flexion
bringing chin towards chest
26
describe neck extension
bringing head back to anatomical position
27
describe neck hyperextension
extending head towards posterior
28
describe shoulder flexion
lifting arm up perpendicular to body (arm is in front of body)
29
describe shoulder extension
bringing arm straight next to body
30
describe shoulder hyperflexion
lifting arm straight above head or past 90 degrees to body
31
describe elbow flexion
bending elbow atforearm
32
describe elbow extension
straightening forearm
33
describe wrist flexion
decreasing angle between palm of hand and forearm
34
describe trunk flexion
vertebral joints cause curving and lower ribs are brought to hips
35
describe hip flexion
bringing thigh closer to trunk
36
describe knee flexion
bending knee to bring shank closer to rear
37
describe ankle dorsiflexion
decreasing angle between toes and shank
38
describe ankle plantar flexion
pointing toes
39
what are movements around the anteroposterior axis in the frontal plane
abduction/adduction, radial deviation/ulnar deviation, inversion/eversion, elevation/depression, upward rotation/downward rotation, lateral flexion
40
describe lateral right/left neck flexion
bringing ear towards shoulder. returning from right lateral neck flexion is left lateral neck flexion, and vice versa
41
what is abduction
moving away from midline
42
what is adduction
moving towards midline
43
what is hyperabduction
abduction past 180 degree pt
44
what is hyperadduction
adduction past 0 degree point
45
what is upward scapular rotation
bottom of scapula (inferior angle) moves laterally, top (superior angle) moves medially; occurs with shoulder abduction as well
46
what is downward scapular rotation
return to normal; | occurs with shoulder adduction
47
describe lateral right/left trunk flexion
a movement occuring at vertebrae, trunk tilts to right or left
48
describe foot eversion
tilting outside of foot up
49
describe inversion
tilting inside side of foot inward
50
what are movements around the longitudinal axes in the transverse plane
internal (medial) rotation/external (lateral) rotation; pronation/supination; horizontal abduction/adduction
51
describe circumduction
movement in a conic fashion; multiplanar movement (saggital and frontal planes); combination of flexion,adduction, extension, and adduction
52
what body parts circumduct
neck, shoulder, fungers/thumb. trunk, hip, ankle
53
describe horizontal adduction/abduction of shoulder
shoulder is adducted/abducted while "in flexion"
54
what plane does horizontal adduction/abduction occur in
transverse
55
describe pronation of the foot
dorsiflexion at anke and eversion in the tarsals (foot twisted up and out)
56
describe supination of the foot
plantarflexion at ankle, inversion in the tarsals (more weight on outside of foot)
57
functions of skeleton
leverage and support
58
what are osteocytes
bone cells
59
what are osteoblasts
cells that create bone (think blast = build)
60
what are osteoclasts
cells that resorb bone (think clast = clean)
61
describe cortical bone tissue
compact and very dense outer layer
62
describe cancellous bone tissue
spongy, very porous, inner layer
63
describe epiphyseal cartilage
cartilage separating the ends from the rest of the bone. Also called the "growth plate"
64
what is the diaphysis
the bone between the 2 growth plates, the middle
65
what is the epiphysis
the ends of the bone
66
what is endochondral ossification
cartilage is replaced by bone
67
describe resorption of bone
responds to decreased stress; osteoclasts dominate; disuse, immobilization, microgravity
68
describe deposition
responds to increased stress | osteoblasts dominate; occurs due to weight-bearing exercise
69
what is it called when there is not optimal stress or physiologic hypertropthy, and why?
pathologic/atrophy from underuse or decay or pathologic/destruction from overuse or injury
70
what are 2 main ways to increase stress
higher frequency (reps) and higher weight (load)
71
how does stress fracture occur
overuse, so resorption weakens bone and deposition occurs too slowly

Kinesiology (7 decks)

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