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Physical Geography 1000 > Seasons/Solar energy > Flashcards

Seasons/Solar energy Flashcards

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1
Q

temperature is what kind of measurement

A

average kinetic energy

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2
Q

true or false
temperature HAS an upper limit

A

FALSE, there is no upper limit

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3
Q

what is the lowest temperature can reach

A

-273.15 Degrees Celcius

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4
Q

what is absolute zero

A

the lowest temp can go

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5
Q

what value does absolute zero reflect

A

0 K

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6
Q

how warm or cold is based on what

A

the molecular level and movement of molecules

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7
Q

what are 3 different classifications of temp

A
  1. Fahrenheit
  2. Celsius
  3. Kalvin
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8
Q

which scale of temp is NOT a precise scale

A

Fahrenheit

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9
Q

which scale of temp is the EASIEST to follow in science

A

Celcius

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10
Q

why is Celcius an easier scale to follow in science

A

it has a more natural origin (at zero)

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11
Q

does 1 degree Celcius equal 1 degree Fahrenheit

A

NO

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12
Q

what is the Kalvin scale used

A

for radiation calculations

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13
Q

does 1 Degrees Kalvin equal 1 Degrees Celcius

A

YES

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14
Q

where does the Kalvin scale start

A

0 K or absolute zero

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15
Q

what does temp have to do with

A

the states of matter

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16
Q

what are the states of matter

A
  1. solid
  2. liquid
  3. gas
  4. plasma
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17
Q

plasma is essentially a

A

super heated gas with electrically charged particles in it

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18
Q

what is important about states of matter

A

it helps us to understand what’s happening on Earth

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19
Q

what are two global energy systems

A

exogenetic energy
endogenetic energy

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20
Q

what box does exogenetic energy and endogenetic energy fit into

A

black box

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21
Q

true or false
Exogenetic energy makes up the vast majority of what we interact with

A

TRUE

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22
Q

where does exogenetic energy mostly come from

A

the sun

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23
Q

endogenetic energy comes from

A

radioactive decay deep within Earth’s core

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24
Q

how does the sun make energy

A

by transforming lighter elements into heavier elements

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25
Q

example of the sun transforming elements

A

turning hydrogen into helium

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26
Q

what powers the sun

A

conversion of matter

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27
Q

what is the ball at the center of Earth doing

A

it’s producing heat

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28
Q

what is a by-product of radioactive decay

A

HEAT

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29
Q

Endogenic movements are caused by

A

movement of the lithospheric plates

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30
Q

what drives lithospheric plates

A

convection currents

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31
Q

true or false
the convection currents driving endogenetic energy forms the ozone layer

A

TRUE

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32
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed but it CAN be transformed

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33
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A
  1. heat can never pass spontaneously from a COLDER to a HOTTER body
  2. temp change can NEVER occur spontaneously in a body at UNIFORM temp
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34
Q

according to the second law of thermodynamics, heat can pass from a colder to hotter body spontaneously

A

FALSE

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35
Q

three types of heat energy

A
  1. radiation
  2. conduction
  3. convection
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36
Q

radiation is energy that can

A

pass through the vacuum of space

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37
Q

true or false
radiation travels at the speed of light

A

TRUE

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38
Q

what form does radiation come in

A

short or long waves

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39
Q

convection is the movement of heat

A

in fluids or gases

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40
Q

conduction is the movement of heat

A

in soilds

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41
Q

what is more conductive
water or air

A

WATER

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42
Q

a better conductor means

A

it can move heat well

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43
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

wavelength of ALL possible wavelengths of electromagnetic enegry

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44
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between corresponding points on any 2 successive waves of energy

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45
Q

what two points are wavelengths measured at

A

crests and troughs

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46
Q

what wavelength is the sun’s energy emitted at

A
  1. visible light
  2. infrared wavelengths
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47
Q

what is an important physical law about radiation

A

all objects radiate energy in wavelengths related to their individual surface temps

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48
Q

all objects radiate energy in wavelengths related to their individual

A

surface temps

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49
Q

what is the sun’s surface temp

A

about 6000 K

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50
Q

what is the shortest wavelength

A

gamma rays

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51
Q

what is the longest wavelength

A

radio waves

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52
Q

what wavelength is very radioactive and dangerous

A

gamma rays

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53
Q

order of the electromagnetic spectrum

A
  1. gamma rays
  2. x rays
  3. ultra-violet
  4. visible
  5. infrared radiation
  6. microwave
  7. radio wave
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54
Q

what law does this describe
how much energy is emitted

A

black bodies and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law

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55
Q

what law does this describe
the characteristics of the energy emitted

A

Wien’s Displacement Law

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56
Q

what law does this describe
reduction in intensity of the energy with distance

A

Inverse square law

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57
Q

black bodies

A

idealized physical body that absorbs ALL electromagnetic radiation falling on it

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58
Q

true or false
black bodies do NOT reflect any energy

A

TRUE

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59
Q

what are examples of black bodies

A

sun and earth

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60
Q

the Sun’s radiated energy is in _____ wavelengths

A

short

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61
Q

the Earth’s radiated energy is in _____ wavelengths

A

Long

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62
Q

what wavelength is the Sun’s energy concentrated in

A

visible wavelengths

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63
Q

what wavelength is the Earth’s energy concentrated in

A

infrared wavelengths

64
Q

Stefan-Boltzmann law is about

A

the intensity of radiation

65
Q

what is important for the Stefan-Boltzmann law

A

temperature

66
Q

at a hotter temperature, what happens to radiation (Stefan-Boltzmann Law)

A

there would be more radiation produced

67
Q

at a colder temperature, what happens to radiation (Stefan-Boltzmann Law)

A

there would be less radiation produced

68
Q

Wien’s Displacement law

A

the characteristics of radiation (wavelength)

69
Q

true or false
Wien’s Displacement Law helps us understand characteristics of radiation

A

TRUE

70
Q

True or false
anything with temp produces radiation

A

TRUE

71
Q

according to Wein’s displacement law, a hotter temp will have _____ wavelength

A

shorter

72
Q

according to Wein’s displacement law, a colder temp will have _____ wavelength

A

long

73
Q

the inverse square law explains

A

the amount of solar radiation we see/is absorbed

74
Q

what happens to the amount of radiation absorbed when it is FARTHER from the source

A

there will be less absorbed

75
Q

what happens to the amount of radiation absorbed when it is CLOSER to the source

A

there will be more absorbed

76
Q

thermopause

A

outer boundary of the Earth’s energy system

77
Q

what is the distance of the theromopause

A

480 km

78
Q

true or false
the Earth absorbs LOTS of the Sun’s total energy output

A

FALSE, it only absorbs about 2%

79
Q

insolation

A

the total solar radiation intercepted by the Earth

80
Q

the solar constant

A

average isolation received at the thermopause when Earth is at the average distance from the sun

81
Q

what is the solar constant

A

1372 Watts per meter squared

82
Q

what angle is the solar constant measured at

A

90 degree angle

83
Q

what is the result of the different angles solar rays meet the surface at each latitude

A

uneven distribution of isolation and heating

84
Q

true or false
the solar rays reach the surface at the SAME angle for every lattitude

A

fLASE

85
Q

sub-solar point

A

the only points where isolation arrives perpendicular to the surface

86
Q

the sub-solar point will receive _______ amount of sunlight

A

MOST

87
Q

where is the sub-solar point ONLY occurring

A

at the lower latitudes

88
Q

what happens to the energy received at the sub-solar point

A

it would be more concentrated

89
Q

true or false
the thermopause above the equatorial region receives more insolation annually than the poles

A

TRUE

90
Q

the tropics are between which lines

A
  1. tropic of Cancer
  2. Tropic of Capricorn
91
Q

is the Tropic of cancer north or south

A

north

92
Q

is the Tropic of Capricorn north or south

A

south

93
Q

does the location of the subsolar point move between 23.5 N and 23.5 S during the year

A

YES

94
Q

describe the energy absorbed in the extratropical regions

A

it is more diffused and covers large area

95
Q

net radiation

A

balance between incoming short-wave energy from the sun and all outgoing long-wave energy from the Earth

96
Q

why do oceans have high levels of radiation

A
  1. absorb lots of radiation
  2. not very reflective
97
Q

why do the poles have low levels of radiation

A
  1. ice/snow reflects radiation
  2. not a lot there to absorb long wavelengths
98
Q

short wave radiation is very _____

A

hot

99
Q

long wave radiation is very _____

A

cold

100
Q

two types of radiated fluxes

A
  1. short wave fluxes
  2. long wave fluxes
101
Q

short wave fluxes come from

A

the sun

102
Q

are there short wave fluxes at night

A

NO, there is no sun

103
Q

output shot wave fluxes are due to

A

reflections/aldebo

104
Q

long wave fluxes come from

A

the earth

105
Q

long wave directed up come from

A

anything on earth

106
Q

long wave directed down come from

A

the atmosphere

107
Q

what are the reasons for seasons

A
  1. sun’s altitude above horizon
  2. sun’s declination
  3. daylength during the year
108
Q

HOW are seasons created

A
  1. Earth’s revolution
  2. earth’s rotation
  3. earth’s tilted axis
  4. sphericity
  5. axial parallelism
109
Q

seasonal variations are a response to

A

changes in the sun’s altitude

110
Q

sun’s altitude

A

angle between the horizon and the sun

111
Q

sun’s declination

A

the latitude of the sub-solar point

112
Q

what degrees of latitude does the sun’s declination move through

A

47 degrees of latitude

113
Q

why is the Sun’s declination 47 degrees of latitude

A

it travels 23.5 degrees to reach its max distance and another 23.5 to reach its minimum distance

114
Q

what causes day length

A

the duration of exposure to insolation

115
Q

day length depends on

A

latitude

116
Q

true or false
the equator always receives EQUAL hours of day and night

A

TRUE

117
Q

revolution

A

earth’s travel around the sun

118
Q

what determines the time required for ONE revolution

A

earth’s speed along with its distanece

119
Q

how long does the earth complete its revolution

A

in 365.24 days

120
Q

was the time it takes earth to revolve the sun ALWAYS the same

A

no, its slowing down

121
Q

rotation

A

time to turn on an axis

122
Q

what determines daylength

A

rotation

123
Q

what creates the apparent deflection of winds and ocean currents

A

rotation

124
Q

what produces the twice-daily rise and fall of ocean tides

A

earth’s rotation

125
Q

how long does it take earth to rotate

A

slightly less than 24 hours

126
Q

what direction does earth rotate when viewed from ABOVE the equator

A

eastwar (west TO east)

127
Q

what causes the solar movement from sunrise to sunset

A

the direction of earth’s roatation eastward

128
Q

circle of illumination

A

the dividing line between day and night

129
Q

what is the exception to all latitudes experiences uneven day length through the seasons

A
  1. the equator
  2. vernal and autumnal equinoxes
130
Q

what is Earth’s Axial tilt about

A

23.5 degrees

131
Q

scientific evidence shows that Earth’s axial angle is ______

A

lessening

132
Q

axial parallelism

A

unchanging axial alignment

133
Q

what shows the migration of the Sun’s solar point

A

tropics of cancer and capricorn

134
Q

when is the winter solstice

A

December

135
Q

the winter solstice has the ______ daylight

A

least

136
Q

solstices show

A

longest and shortest days of the year

137
Q

the sub-solar point at the tropic of cancer is assocaited with the ______ solstice

A

summer

138
Q

the sub-solar point at the tropic of Capricorn is assocaited with the ______ solstice

A

winter

139
Q

the vernal equinox is the

A

spring equinox

140
Q

what equinox does this describe
the sub-solar point begins in the southern hemisphere and moves to the northern hemisphere

A

vernal (spring) equinox

141
Q

what equinox does this describe
the sub-solar point begins in the northern hemisphere and moves to the southern hemisphere

A

autumnal (fall) equinox

142
Q

where must the sub-solar point be located to be one of the equinoxes

A

at the EQUATOR

143
Q

when is the arctic circle in 100% daylight

A

summer solstice

144
Q

when is the arctic circle in 100% darkness

A

winter solstice

145
Q

when is the longest day of the year

A

summer solstice

146
Q

1

A

vernal (spring equinox)

147
Q

2

A

winter solstice

148
Q

3

A

autumnal equinox

149
Q

4

A

summer solstice

150
Q

what is another word for reflectivity

A

albedo

151
Q

albedo

A

the proportion of incoming short wave radiation that is reflected

152
Q

high albedos

A

the most radiation is reflected (high reflection)

153
Q

low albedos

A

the most radiation is ABSORBED (less reflection)

154
Q

example of high albedos

A
  1. snow and ice
155
Q

example of low albedos

A

asphalt

156
Q

is an ocean high or low albedo

A

LOW

Physical Geography 1000 (21 decks)

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