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Physical Geography 1000 > Rocks and the rock cycle > Flashcards

Rocks and the rock cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

8 major elements of rocks

A
  1. oxygen
  2. Silicon
  3. Aluminum
  4. iron
  5. calcium
  6. salt
  7. potassium
  8. magnesium
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2
Q

minerals

A

natural components with specific chemical formula and crystal structures

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3
Q

are minerals pure

A

YES- made from ONE thing

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4
Q

true or false
minerals are natural occuring

A

true

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5
Q

rocks

A

group of minerals OR solid organic matter

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6
Q

3 types of rocks

A
  1. sedimentary
  2. metamorphic
  3. igneous
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7
Q

formation of igneous rocks

A

a solid that undergoes intense pressure and heating to melt and liquify before solidifying

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8
Q

what types of rock can become igneous rocks

A
  1. sedimentary
  2. metamorphic
  3. more igneous rocks
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9
Q

what happens if there is TOO much pressure or heating to rocks

A

they melt and form igneous rocks

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10
Q

how are metamorphic rocks formed

A

from intense pressure and heat (metamorphism) that causes a CHEMICAL change NOT a physical change

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11
Q

do metamorphic rocks undergo a phase change

A

NO

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12
Q

what rock undergoes metamorphosis

A

metamorphic rocks

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13
Q

what rock is associated with altered

A

metamorphic

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14
Q

what rock is associated with settling out

A

sedimentary

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15
Q

what rock is associated with melted

A

igneous

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16
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed

A

compaction, cementation and lithification of clastic sediments

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17
Q

where is it common to find sedimentary rocks

A

the beds of lakes because rivers brought the sediments which then accumulated on the lake floor

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18
Q

both rocks and minerals are ULTIMATELY derived from

A

magma

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19
Q

what does “original rock” refer to

A

igneous rocks because all was formed from lava

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20
Q

what type of rock is the MOST abundant

A

igneous

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21
Q

minerals vs rocks
study

A

minerals
mineralogy

rocks
petrology

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22
Q

minerals vs rocks
chemical composition

A

minerals
1. have a definite chemical composition (made from ONE compound)
2. INORGANIC compounds

Rocks
1. do NOT have a definite chemical composition
2. made from LOTS of different rocks

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23
Q

minerals vs rocks
gold, silver, fluoride…

A

minerals

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24
Q

minerals vs rocks
limestone, basalt, coal, claystone

A

rocks

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25
Q

minerals vs rocks
colour

A

minerals
1. colours is usually the same

rocks
1. colour is NOT the same

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26
Q

minerals vs rocks
shape

A

minerals
1. have a definite shape (have 6 basic symmetries)
2. CANNOT change shape

Rocks
1. no definite shape
2. can have their shape changed for whatever needs

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27
Q

minerals vs rocks
presence of fossils

A

minerals
1. NO fossils

rocks
1. CAN have fossils

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28
Q

two main processes in the formation of sedimentary rocks

A
  1. sedimentation
  2. lithification
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29
Q

sedimentation

A

the layering down of sediments

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30
Q

lithification

A

the sticking of sediments together

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31
Q

sedimentary rocks are made from ______ thus they have no _____

A

other smaller rocks and NO definite chemical composition

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32
Q

how can we tell how old sedimentary rocks are

A

stratigraphy (the deepest layer of sedimentary rock is the oldest, while those above it are younger/newer)

33
Q

sedimentary rocks can be either _____ or ______

A

clastic or chemical sedimentary rocks

34
Q

clastic sedimentary rocks

A

made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks

35
Q

chemical sedimentary rocks

A

form by chemical precipitation that begins when water travelling through rock dissolves some of the minerals (material left over after evaporation)

36
Q

sandstone:

A

sedimentary

37
Q

bituminous coal:

A

sedimentary

38
Q

conglomerate:

A

sedimentary

39
Q

limestone:

A

sedimentary

40
Q

90% of rocks

A

igneous

41
Q

igneous can be either _____ or _____

A

intrusive or extrusive

42
Q

what determines the size of crystals in igneous rocks

A

the rate of cooling

43
Q

traits of intrusive rocks

A
  1. cools slowly BELOW ground
  2. has large crystals
  3. felsic, lighter colour and less dense
44
Q

felsic vs mafic igneous rocks

A

felsic
1. lighter in colour
2. forms from magma (UNDER the surface)

mafic
1. darker in colour
2. forms from lava (found ON the surface)

45
Q

large crystals in igneous rocks are associated with

A

intrusive rocks

46
Q

small crystals in igneous rocks are associated with

A

extrusive rocks

47
Q

granite:

A

Igneous (intrusive)

48
Q

Basalt:

A

igneous (extrusive)

49
Q

obsidian:

A

igneous (extrusive)

50
Q

pumice:

A

igneous (extrusive)

51
Q

what makes up ALL of the mantle

A

igneous rocks

52
Q

what makes up ALL of the oceanic crust

A

igneous rocks

53
Q

most of the continental crust is

A

igneous rocks

54
Q

igneous rocks are associated with _____ change

A

phase

55
Q

metamorphic rocks are associated with _____ change

A

chemical

56
Q

how do metamorphic rocks change

A

by temp and pressure

57
Q

metamorphic rocks can be either _____ or _____

A

foliated or NOT

58
Q

examples of foliated metamorphic rocks

A
  1. slate
  2. Gnesis
  3. Shist
59
Q

examples of NON-foliated metamorphic rock

A
  1. marble
  2. quartzite
60
Q

metamorphic rocks have _____ rocks that leads to ______ rocks

A

parent rocks that give rise to the metamorphic equivalent

61
Q

Gneiss:

A

metamorphic

62
Q

Marble:

A

metamorphic

63
Q

slate:

A

metamorphic

64
Q

Foliated metamorphic rocks

A

have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure

65
Q

6 steps of the rock cycle

A
  1. weathering and erosion
  2. transportation
  3. deposition
  4. compaction and cementation
  5. metamorphism
  6. rock melting
66
Q

weathering and erosion
1. stage of rock cycle
2. description

A
  1. step one
  2. all 3 types of rock on the surface are broken down by water and wind. result is larger rocks being worn down to smaller particles
67
Q

transportation
1. stage of rock cycle
2. description

A
  1. step 2
  2. the eroded rock particles are carried away by wind, rain or moving water
68
Q

deposition
1. stage of rock cycle
2. description

A
  1. step 3
  2. water particles in the bodies of water sink and become a layer of sediment. It often builds up faster then can be taken away.
69
Q

compaction and cementation
1. stage of rock cycle
2. description

A
  1. step 4
  2. sediment layer stacks up - weight and pressure compact the BOTTOM layer. dissolved minerals fill in the small gaps between particles and then solidify (acts as cement)
    TURNS INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK OVER TIME
70
Q

Metamorphism
1. stage of rock cycle
2. description

A
  1. step 5
  2. sedimentary OR igneous rock end up buried deep underground - these rocks then experience high heat and pressure = changes them to METAMORPHIC ROCK
71
Q

where does metamorphism TEND to happen

A

where tectonic plates come together - where the pressure of the plates squish the rock

72
Q

rock melting
1. stage of rock cycle
2. description

A
  1. stage 6
  2. metamorphic rocks underground melt to become MAGMA. as the LAVA cools it hardens to become igneous rock.
73
Q

what starts the whole rock cycle over again

A

the formation of igneous rock

74
Q

magma vs lava

A

magma
1. molten rock that is underground

lava
1. molten rock that breaks through the Earth’s surface.

75
Q

A

A

Sediments

76
Q

B

A

Igneous rock

77
Q

C

A

Magma

78
Q

D

A

Metamorphic rock

79
Q

E

A

sedimentary rock

Physical Geography 1000 (21 decks)

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