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Physical Geography 1000 > Maps and geomatics > Flashcards

Maps and geomatics Flashcards

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1
Q

what unites all geography

A

maps

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2
Q

what is a powerful tool for spatial analysis

A

map

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3
Q

what is a map

A

generalized view of an area (model) a seen from above and reduced in size

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4
Q

what are 4 things to consider in a map

A
  1. types
  2. map elements
  3. coordinate system
  4. projections
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5
Q

reduce

A

a down-scale of something

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6
Q

spatial analysis

A

ability to answer spatial questios

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7
Q

map elements refers to the

A

different symbol used

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8
Q

what is geomatics

A

the digital mapping of earth

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9
Q

true or false
geomatics is a geographical tool

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what allows the answer for spatial questions in geography

A

geomatics

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11
Q

what is the benefit of using an overlay of layers

A

allows us to see commonalities

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12
Q

what is the unifying stream for all of geography

A

geomatics

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13
Q

what 3 characteristics are maps classed by

A
  1. scale
  2. function
  3. subject matter
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14
Q

scale in a map refers to

A

degree of reduction

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15
Q

what are three examples of map function

A
  1. charts
  2. general reference maps
  3. thematic/special purpose maps
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16
Q

what are 4 characteristics of maps?

A
  1. reductions
  2. transformations
  3. specific simplification/generalization
  4. signs and marks
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17
Q

why are reductions critical to maps

A

we don’t make exact duplicates of the real world because it’s not practicable

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18
Q

reductions are based on

A

map scale

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19
Q

map scale

A

defined dimensional relation between reality and the map

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20
Q

true or false
map scales are seemingly unitless

A

TRUE

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21
Q

transformations

A

transfer of one form to another

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22
Q

transformations are done in the form of

A

projection

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23
Q

projection

A

have to transform a spherical earth to a flat map

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24
Q

what is the result of projection

A

the map stretches

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25
Q

what is affected by projection (example)

A

calculations of distances

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26
Q

where are distortions caused by projection the most AFFECTED

A

the poles - they stretch the most

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27
Q

a specific simplification refers to

A

only the information that NEEDS to be on the map is what fits the purpose

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28
Q

specific simplification requires

A
  1. classification
  2. simplification
  3. generlization
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29
Q

accurate generalization falls under what character of a map

A

specific simplification

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30
Q

true or false
the world in infinitely complex

A

true

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31
Q

maps are not ______________-

A

100% representations of real world

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32
Q

accurate generalization

A

the decision on how to generalize/choose what is on the map to fit our purpose

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33
Q

is a generalization infinitely complex

A

NO

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34
Q

what are signs and marks used for on a map

A

to represent real features

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35
Q

what are the two categories of map scale

A

small scale and large scale

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36
Q

what is small scale

A

a “birds-eye view”/zoom out of a LARGE area

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37
Q

what is the scale for a small scale map

A

one unit of distance in reality is represented by a SMALL distance on the map

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38
Q

example of small scale

A

1:20 000 000

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39
Q

large scale maps offer

A

close up view of a SMALL area

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40
Q

large scale map scale

A

one unit of distance in reality is represented by LARGE distance on map

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41
Q

example large scale map scale

A

1:1000

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42
Q

what is the cutoff between small and large scale

A

1:50 000

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43
Q

is this a large or small scale map

A

large scale

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44
Q

is this a large or small scale map

A

small

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45
Q

general reference maps are a

A

large-scale topographic map

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46
Q

what map function does this show

A

general reference maps

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47
Q

thematic/special purpose maps

A

distribution of an attribute or relation among attributes

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48
Q

examples of thematic/special purpose maps

A
  1. political map
  2. population distribution
  3. number of births
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49
Q

what map function is this

A

thematic/special purpose map

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50
Q

what is a chart

A

a map meant to be worked on and added to

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51
Q

examples of charts

A
  1. nautical
  2. aeonautical
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52
Q

what are charts most often used for

A

navigation

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53
Q

what map function is this

A

chart

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54
Q

subject matter for maps can be either

A

cadastral or plans

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55
Q

cadastral means

A

a large scale subject matter

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56
Q

examples of cadastral subject matter

A
  1. property boundaries
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57
Q

what is cadastral often assess

A

taxataion

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58
Q

a subject matter focused on plans examples

A
  1. buildings and railways
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59
Q

plans are typically

A

large scale maps or diagrams

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60
Q

what type of subject matter is this

A

plan

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61
Q

what type of subject matter is this

A

cadastral

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62
Q

3 types of maps

A
  1. thematic
  2. planimetric
  3. topographic
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63
Q

thematic maps show

A

the spatial distribution of some type of data over a geographical area

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64
Q

planimetric maps show

A

the horizontal position of boundaries, bodies of water, economic and cultural features

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65
Q

topographic maps portray

A

physical relief through the use of contour lines that connect all points at the same elevation

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66
Q

what does relief refer to

A

what the shape of the earth looks like

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67
Q

true or false
thematic maps are both quantitative and qualitative

A

true

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68
Q

what type of map is this

A

topographic map

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69
Q

what type of map is this

A

planimetric map

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70
Q

what type of map is this

A

thematic map

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71
Q

what can be illustrated on a topographic map

A
  1. natural physical features
  2. infrastructure + human-made features
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72
Q

true or false
NTS maps have been made for ALL of Canada

A

true

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73
Q

what are 3 key elements of a topographic map

A
  1. contour lines
  2. reference grid
  3. scale
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74
Q

contour lines

A

connect areas of equal elevation

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75
Q

reference grid

A

explains where we are and specific locations

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76
Q

where is north oriented on a map?

A

top of the page

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77
Q

a contour is an

A

imaginary line that joins points of equal elevation above sea level

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78
Q

altitude vs elevation

A

altitude = above earth’s surface (on the ground)
elevation = height above sea level

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79
Q

what is your elevation on mount Everest

A

0 because still connected to the ground

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80
Q

contour lines are drawn at ______ elevation intervals

A

constant

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81
Q

how is the contour line slope calculated

A

elevation over the map distance

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82
Q

contour line slope

A

change in elevation per unit of horizontal distance

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83
Q

what is the rise for calculating contour slope

A

difference between the elevation of the top and bottom of the slope

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84
Q

what is the run for calculating the contour slope

A

distance measured on the map and converted to distance on the ground using the map scale

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85
Q

how do calculate the slope of contour lines in degrees

A

acrtangent (inv tan or tan-1) times (rise over run)

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86
Q

what are three different spacings for contour lines

A
  1. widely spaced
  2. narrowly spaced
  3. uniformly spaced
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87
Q

a widely spaced contour reflects

A

gentle slopes

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88
Q

a narrowly spaced contour reflects

A

steep slopes

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89
Q

uniformly spaced contours reflect

A

uniform slopes

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90
Q

consistent spacing of contour lines will create a

A

linear slope/straight line

91
Q

contour lines that start tight at the top of a mountain and then become more spaced out will reflect

A

concave profile

92
Q

contour lines that start spaced out and become tighter down the slop reflects

A

convex profile

93
Q

what are 3 rules for contour lines

A
  1. never intersect
  2. never split or divide
  3. always closed (though it may run outside the map)
94
Q

how is a hill represented in contour lines

A

concentric contours

95
Q

how is a depression represented in contour lines

A

concentric hachured contour

96
Q

how is a river valley represented in contour lines

A

in a V with the base pointing upstream

97
Q

how is a ridge represented in contour lines

A

v or u shape with base pointing downwards

98
Q

what landform is an obvious violation of topographic maps

A

overhangs

99
Q

what does a 1:1 scale mean

A

its an exact replica (like 1 cm to 1 cm)

100
Q

what are common scales for NTS maps in Canada

A
  1. 1 50 000
  2. 1: 250 000
101
Q

a map scale is a representative

A

fraction or ratio

102
Q

what are examples of written/verbal map scales

A
  1. 1cm = 1 km
  2. graphical
103
Q

what is a reference grid used to define

A

absolute positioning (locations) on a map

104
Q

what are two examples of coordinate systems

A
  1. longitude/latitude
  2. rectanagular grid systems (UTM)
105
Q

what is a coordinate system used for

A

to locate points on a sphere

106
Q

true or false
the coordinate systems can cover the whole Earth

A

true

107
Q

what is a requirement for coordinate systems to work

A

if you know what the shape of the earth is

108
Q

is the earth a perfect sphere

A

NO

109
Q

what is the shape of the Earth

A

it’s not a perfect sphere but squished and not smooth and have bulges and depressions

110
Q

what is a term used to describe how earth is squished

A

ellipsoid

111
Q

what is the latitude/longitude grid based on

A

60/sexagesimal scale

112
Q

where is the origin for the latitude/longitude grid

A

at the center of the earth

113
Q

latitude measures

A

angular distance measured north and south of the equator

114
Q

parallel refers to _____ in latitude

A

lines connecting the same latitude

115
Q

do parallel lines intersect

A

NO

116
Q

what is true north

A

geographic north pole

117
Q

what is the latitude degree for true north

A

0 degrees latitude

118
Q

what is magnetic north

A

point where magnetic field points vertically downwards

119
Q

what north does our compass point to

A

magnetic north

120
Q

true or false
earth is one big magnet

A

TRUE

121
Q

what is magnetic declination

A

the angle between true north and magnetic north

122
Q

why is magnetic declination important

A

its the way a compass is configured to point to true north instead of magnetic north

123
Q

what is the magnetic declination correction for Lethbridge

A

13 degrees 29 minuets East

124
Q

true or false
the north magnetic pole is headed for Siberia

A

TRUE

125
Q

longitude is the

A

angular distance measured east to west on the earth’s surface

126
Q

where is longitude relative to/the origin

A

prime Meridian at Greenwich England

127
Q

Meridians

A

line connecting the same longitude

128
Q

what is the term for the line connecting the same latitude

A

parallel

129
Q

what is the term for the line connecting the same longitude

A

meridians

130
Q

where do meridians converge

A

at the poles

131
Q

why is there a discrepancy at the equator in the North Pole

A

because of the bulge found at the equator

132
Q

what is bigger at the equator in the North Pole

A

longitude

133
Q

true or false
longitude and latitude can abe used to find the position of any place on earth

A

true

134
Q

how are latitude and longitude organized in coordinates

A

latitude first and then longitude

135
Q

the rectangular grid systems are used for

A

smaller areas

136
Q

what is the format for the rectangular grid system

A

(x,y) coordinates

137
Q

what does UTM stand for

A

universal transverse Mercator

138
Q

true or false
relatively small areas have minimal distortion and rectangular grid system can be used

A

TRUE

139
Q

latitude and longitude systems are used for

A

large areas

140
Q

UTM is used for

A

small areas

141
Q

what is easting

A

distance from a meridian

142
Q

what is northing

A

the distance from the equator

143
Q

what are the 3 elements of UTM coordinates

A
  1. zone
  2. easting
  3. northing
144
Q

what coordinate system are easting and northing used

A

UTM system

145
Q

how are geographical and UTM coordinate systems positioned on the shape of the world

A

by a datum

146
Q

datum is

A

how a coordinate system is seated over the ellipsoid

147
Q

how to make a datum

A

covering a globe with a piece of paper
origin will be more accurate but the farther way will become less accurate

148
Q

what are two datums used

A
  1. NAD 26
  2. NAD83
149
Q

what ellipsoid did the NAD27 use

A

ellipsoid 1886

150
Q

what ellipsoid did the NAD83 use

A

ellipsoid 1983

151
Q

what is a datum

A

a coordinate system with a reference surface that serves to provide known locations to begin surveys and create maps

152
Q

GPS is a

A

navigational tool developed for military purposes

153
Q

what does a GPS system consist of

A

satellites and a receiver

154
Q

how does a receiver in a GPS lock onto the signal of the satellites

A

through triangulation

155
Q

how to determine latitude without a GPS receiver

A

use the north star, Polaris

156
Q

how to determine longitude without a GPS receiver

A

use time of a known longitude and time where you are

157
Q

What are two time zones

A
  1. GMT
  2. UTC
158
Q

GMT stands for

A

Greenwich mean time

159
Q

UTC stands for

A

universally coordinated time

160
Q

earth rotates 360 degrees in

A

24 hours

161
Q

how many degrees does earth rotate in 1 hour

A

15

162
Q

what is the international dateline

A

the separating of Monday and Sunday

163
Q

true or false
the international dateline is straight

A

FALSE

164
Q

what do these contour lines show

A

hill

165
Q

what do these contour lines show

A

depression

166
Q

what do these contour lines show

A

river valley

167
Q

what do these contour lines show

A

ridge

168
Q

what does 1 show

A

parallels of latitude

169
Q

what does 2 show

A

meridians of longitude

170
Q

what will the profile be

A

concave

171
Q

what will the profile be

A

convex

172
Q

what will the profile be

A

straight

173
Q

Why were clocks used to calculate longitude

A

clocks set at GMT time would be based on high noon = position of the sun

174
Q

how was longitude calculated

A

based on the position of the sun and the knowledge of longitude

175
Q

______ is the only true representation of the Earth

A

Globe

176
Q

globes are normally ____ scale

A

small

177
Q

what do maps provide

A

a 2d representation of earth

178
Q

what do the 2d representations of earth result in

A

distortion

179
Q

what are classes of projections

A
  1. cylindrical projections
  2. planar projections
180
Q

cylindrical projections

A

preserve shapes at the expense of distances

181
Q

what region are stretched with cylindrical projections

A

polar regions

182
Q

how can cylindrical projections cause confusion

A

size of the continents

183
Q

planar projections

A

light source at the center of the globe projecting onto a plane

184
Q

what is the result of planar projections

A

severe distortion GREATEST away from the origin

185
Q

planar projections example

A

gnomonic projection

186
Q

cylindrical projection example

A

mercator maps

187
Q

remote sensing

A

the capturing of digital earth imaging from spatial aircrafts/satellites

188
Q

remote sensing is the gaining of information from

A

a distance

189
Q

what are two types of remote sensing

A
  1. active sensing
  2. passive sensing
190
Q

what is an active remote sensing

A

the use of instruments that generate a pulse that is reflected back and then generated by a computer

191
Q

what is passive remote sensing

A

sensing that does NOT shoot a beam

192
Q

what type of remote sensing is this
records energy reflected/emitted from a surface

A

passive

193
Q

what part of the electromagnetic spectrum does passive sensing do well in

A

visible spectrum

194
Q

is aerial photography a form of remote sensing

A

YES

195
Q

forms of passive remote sensing

A
  1. aerial photography
  2. Landsat
  3. quickbird
196
Q

what does Landsat measure

A

Infrared wavelength

197
Q

what does quick bird measure

A
  1. visible
  2. near IR
198
Q

true or false
the resolution of the satellites has greatly improved

A

true

199
Q

what are examples of active sensing

A
  1. radar
  2. lidar
200
Q

what type of remote sensing is this
directs a beam of energy at a surface and analyze the energy that is reflected back

A

active

201
Q

how does radar work

A

emits a microwave pulse that echos back

202
Q

what scatters radar

A

percipitation

203
Q

what is an example of radar being used

A

for weather forecast

204
Q

how does lidar work

A

impulses from a laser

205
Q

what wavelength does lidar use

A

ultraviolet, visible and infrared light

206
Q

what is lidar used for

A

to measure distance

207
Q

what type of active remote sensing creates 3d models

A

lidar

208
Q

what is the similarity between active and passive remote sensing

A

both interpret electromagnetic information back

209
Q

types of orbital paths

A
  1. geostationary orbit
  2. polar orbit
  3. near-polar sun-synchronous
210
Q

what is geostationary orbit

A

a satellite is parked above a specific location for a fill hemispherical view

211
Q

where are lots of geostationary satellites

A

the equator

212
Q

a polar solar orbit takes

A

about 90 mins for a full orbit

213
Q

near-polar sun-synchronous orbit shifts

A

1 degree every day

214
Q

what orbit passes above the equator at the same local time each time

A

near-polar sun-synchronous

215
Q

what are some applications of remote sensing

A
  1. weather forecasting
  2. tracking environmental problems
  3. landscape changes
  4. monitoring forest fires
216
Q

weather forecasting needs sensors to

A

scan broad areas rather fast

217
Q

remote sensing benefits

A
  1. inexpensive data
  2. accessible via the internet
  3. remote areas
  4. great level of detail
  5. repeat coverage
218
Q

remote sensing limitations

A
  1. high capital cost
  2. training needed
  3. interpretation of images
  4. limitations of each system
219
Q

GIS is a software to

A

organize spatial and attribute data

220
Q

what is GIS used for

A

to create maps with multiple data layers (physical and cultural features)

221
Q

types of data in a GIS

A
  1. vector and raster
222
Q

vector data in GIS

A

lines defined by X Y cooridnates

223
Q

raster data in GIS

A

composed of grids of cells with each cell assigned a number

224
Q

what is assumed about all points in raster data

A

that those within the grid have all the same characteristics

Physical Geography 1000 (21 decks)

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