SCROTUM

Question 1

testicular neoplasms are the most malignancy in men ______ to ______ years.

Answer 1

15

35

Question 2

______ are the most common testicular cancers.

Answer 2

germ cell tumors

Question 3

germ cell tumors are either classified as ______ or ______ based on their histology.

Answer 3

seminoma

nonseminoma

Question 4

______ is the most common germ cell type

Answer 4

seminoma

Question 5

risk factors of testicular tumors (seminoma) include:

Answer 5

cryptochidism
family hx
infertility
klinefelter syndrom (XXY)
down syndrome
smoking 
white race

Question 6

What lab tests (tumor markers) are elevated for testicular cancer?

Answer 6

Hcg
AFP
LDH

Question 7

______ is associated with nonseminomas

Answer 7

AFP

Question 8

______ is associated with both seminomas and nonseminomas

Answer 8

hCG

Question 9

______ masses consist of a mixture of cell types.

Answer 9

nonseminomas

Question 10

______ is the most common testicular tumor in infants and young children

Answer 10

yolk-sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)

Question 11

yolk sac tumors are associated with ______

Answer 11

AFP

Question 12

______ is a rare stomal (non-germ cell) testicular tumor occuring in boys (5-10 yr) & men (30-60 yrs)

Answer 12

leydig cell tumor

Question 13

leydig cell tumors produce ______

Answer 13

testosterone

Question 14

______ are normally located near the mediastinum testis and probably originate from the rete testis

Answer 14

intratesticular cysts

Question 15

______ cysts are benign tumors of germ cell origin. These well-circumscribed solid tumors lie beneath the tunica albuginea.

Answer 15

epidermoid

Question 16

epidermoid cysts are well defined, solid, hypoechoic masses with ______ formed by multiple layers of keratin.

Answer 16

echogenic capsule (onion ring pattern)

Question 17

testicular abscesses are often a complication of ______

Answer 17

epididymo-orchitis

Question 18

calcifications (scrotal pearls) may be located within the testicle or between the layers of ______

Answer 18

tunica vaginalis

Question 19

segmental testicular infarcts typically present as a ______ lesion

Answer 19

triangular, avascular

Question 20

a hydrocele is a serous fluid collection that accumulates within or bewtween the ______

Answer 20

tunica vaginalis layers (visceral & parietal)

Question 21

Most hydroceles are congenital (found in boys 1-2 yrs) caused by failed closure of the ______ at the internal ring.

Answer 21

processus vaginalis

Question 22

______ is seen when blood fills the scrotal chamber associated with trauma

Answer 22

hematocele

Question 23

a varicocele is a dilatation of the ______ of the testicular vein which drain the testicle

Answer 23

pampiniform venous plexus

Question 24

90% of varicoceles are on the ______ side.

Answer 24

left

Question 25

the left testicular vein drains into ______

Answer 25

left renal vein

Question 26

the right testicular vein drains into the ______

Answer 26

IVC

Question 27

______ is the most common correctable cause of male infertility

Answer 27

varicocele

Question 28

scrotal hernia results from bowel protruding through the inguinal canal into the ______ of the scrotum

Answer 28

tunica vaginalis

Question 29

the most common extratesticular tumor is the ______ tumor.

Answer 29

adenomatoid

Question 30

______ tumors usually involve the epididymis

Answer 30

extratesticular

Question 31

______ are cystic masses of the epididymis that result in dilatation of the epididymal tubules

Answer 31

spermatoceles

Question 32

______ are composed of clear fluid whereas ______ are composed of thick, milky fluid containing spermatozoa.

Answer 32

epi head cyst | spermatocele

Question 33

______ usually occur at the epi head

Answer 33

spermatocele

Question 34

sonographic findings of epididymitis include:

Answer 34

enlarged, hypoechoic epi hyperemic reactive hydrocele scrotal wall thickening

Question 35

acute epididymitis is usually caused by ______

Answer 35

sexually transmitted organisms (chlamydia & gonorrhea)

Question 36

sonographic findings of orchitis include:

Answer 36

enlarged, hypoechoic testicle hyperemia decreased arterial resistance

Question 37

______ is when the testicle can rotate freely on the spermatic cord

Answer 37

bell clapper deformity

Question 38

decreasing ______ will better optimize slow blood flow to rule out testicular torsion

Answer 38

pulse repetition frequency (scale)

Question 39

______ torsion occurs outside the tunica vaginalis, when the testis and gubernaculum can rotate freely. This occurs exclusively in NEWBORNS.

Answer 39

extravaginal testicular

Question 40

______ torsion occurs when the testicle can rotate freely on the spermatic cord because it is not attached to the tunica vaginalis

Answer 40

intravaginal testicular

Question 41

______ is a treatment of cryptochidism and is usually performed on patients 2-10 yrs.

Answer 41

orchioplexy

Question 42

______ & ______ are complications of cryptorchidism

Answer 42

infertility | cancer

Question 43

______ is the congenital absence of the testicle

Answer 43

anorchia

Question 44

the testicle is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, the ______

Answer 44

tunica albuginea

Question 45

multiple septations (septula) arise from the tunica albuginea to form the ______ which is sonographically seen as an echogenic linear band extending longitudinally within the testis

Answer 45

mediastinum testis

Question 46

The septula forms wedge-shaped compartments that contain the ______

Answer 46

seminiferous tubules

Question 47

the seminiferous tubules converge to form the ______

Answer 47

tubuli recti

Question 48

The ______ connect the seminiferous tubule to the rete testis

Answer 48

tubuli recti

Question 49

the ______ is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm to the epididymis.

Answer 49

rete testis

Question 50

the ______ carry the seminal fluid from the rete testis to the epididymis

Answer 50

efferent ductules

Question 51

This is where the efferent ductules converge to form a single convoluted duct (ductus epididymis)

Answer 51

epi head

Question 52

the ______ is a remnant of the mullerian duct, is a small ovoid structure located beneath the head of the epididymis

Answer 52

appendix testis

Question 53

Torsion of an appendix testis can occur in boys aged 7-12 resulting in a ______ sign

Answer 53

blue dot

Question 54

the ______, representing a detached efferent duct, is a small stalk projecting off the epididymis.

Answer 54

appendix epididymis

Question 55

an appendix epididymis is derived from the ______ duct

Answer 55

wolffian

Question 56

the ______ is a layer of muscle beneath the scrotal skin and dividing the scrotum into two chambers

Answer 56

dartos

Question 57

the division of the 2 scrotal chambers in the 3rd trimester is called the ______

Answer 57

scrotal raphe

Question 58

the ______ is a saccular extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal chambers

Answer 58

tunica vaginalis

Question 59

the inner or ______ layer of the tunica vaginalis covers the testis and epi

Answer 59

visceral

Question 60

the outer or ______ layer of the tunica vaginalis lines the scrotal chambers

Answer 60

parietal

Question 61

route of sperm:

Answer 61

``` seminiferous tubules tubuli recti rete testis efferent ductules ductus epididymis vas deferens ```