RETROPERITONEUM

Question 1

the peritoneum consists of two layers the ______ & ______

Answer 1

parietal (outer)

visceral (inner)

Question 2

the ______ is situated between the liver, pancreas and stomach

Answer 2

lesser sac

Question 3

the entrance to the lesser sac is the ______

Answer 3

epiploic foramen

Question 4

the ______ is the rest of the peritoneal cavity (ascites with floating bowel)

Answer 4

greater sac

Question 5

______ is a peritoneal recess extending between the rectum and uterus.

Answer 5

pouch of douglas (rectouterine pouch)

Question 6

In men, the corresponding space to the pouch of douglas is termed as ______

Answer 6

rectovesical pouch

Question 7

name the intraperitoneal structures

Answer 7

stomach 
jejunum
1st part of duodenum
appy
spleen
cecum
transvere sigmoid colon
rectum
liver
uterus
fallopian tubes
ovaries

Question 8

the ______ is a posteriorly located compartment that lies between the transversalis fascia and the posterior parietal peritoneum

Answer 8

retroperitoneum

Question 9

Two layers of renal fascia divide the retroperitoneum coronally into three compartments

Answer 9

anterior pararenal space
perirenal space
posterior pararenal space

Question 10

kidneys and adrenal glands lie within the ______

Answer 10

perirenal space

Question 11

the quadratus lumborum and the psoas muscles lie posterior to the ______

Answer 11

posterior pararenal space

Question 12

name the retroperitoneal structures

Answer 12

kidneys & ureters
adrenal glands
ascending and descending colon
2nd, 3rd, and 4th part of duodenum
pancreas
ao & IVC
renal vessels
SMA
gonadal vessels
lymphatics
rectum
esophagus

Question 13

the AO enters the abd cavity in a ______ location

Answer 13

posterior

Question 14

the celiac axis terminates with the bifurcation of the ______ & the ______

Answer 14

common hepatic artery

splenic artery

Question 15

the common hepatic artery courses toward the liver and bifurcates into ______ & ______

Answer 15

proper hepatic

gastroduodenal

Question 16

the ______ branches off the AO about 1 cm below the celiac axis

Answer 16

SMA

Question 17

in a fasting state, the SMA is ______ resistive & is ______ postparandial

Answer 17

high

low (increased velocity)

Question 18

the RRA passes ______ to the IVC

Answer 18

posterior

Question 19

the IVC lies to the ______ of the AO and ______ to the pancreatic head and liver

Answer 19

right

posterior

Question 20

IVC ______ with cardiac failure and fluid overload

Answer 20

dilates

Question 21

the most common tumor to involve the IVC is ______

Answer 21

renal cell carcinoma

Question 22

______ are used to prevent the ascent of lower extremity vein thrombus

Answer 22

IVC filter

Question 23

______ is the engorgement of the left renal vein due to its compression by the SMA & AO

Answer 23

nutcracker syndrome

Question 24

the right gonadal vein drains into the ______

Answer 24

IVC

Question 25

the left gondal vein drains into the ______

Answer 25

left renal vein

Question 26

______ is also known as ormond's disease or inflammatory aneurysm, is a dense fibrous tissue proliferation confined to the paravertebral region

Answer 26

retroperitoneal fibrosis

Question 27

retroperitoneal fibrosis extends superior to the level of L-2 and may extend inferiorly to the dome of the bladder. generally it is centered at the ______

Answer 27

AO bifurcation

Question 28

retroperitoneal fibrosis is associated with ______

Answer 28

bilateral renal obstruction

Question 29

the azygous vein is located on the ______ and the hemizygous vein is located on the ______

Answer 29

right | left

Question 30

the ascending lumbar veins are branches of the ______

Answer 30

common iliac veins

Question 31

the right ascending lumbar vein at the level of the diaphragm joins the ______ to form the azygos vein

Answer 31

right submucosal

Question 32

the left ascending lumber vein at the level of the diaphragm joins the ______ to form the hemiazygos vein

Answer 32

left submucosal

Question 33

the ______ is shaped like a triangle or pyramid. it is located on the superior, anterior and medial aspect of the upper pole of the right kidney

Answer 33

right adrenal gland

Question 34

the ______ is crescent shaped and is located anteriormedial to the upper pole of the left kidney

Answer 34

left adrenal gland

Question 35

the crus of the diaphragm is located:

Answer 35

anterior to the AO superior to the celiac axis posterior to the IVC

Question 36

the ______ is located medial and posterior to all of the structures except the aorta

Answer 36

crus

Question 37

the ______ is hypoechoic and typically is less echogenic that the surrounding retroperitoneal fat

Answer 37

adrenal cortex

Question 38

the ______ is seen as an echogenic linear structure within the adrenal gland

Answer 38

adrenal medulla

Question 39

three arteries supply each adrenal gland

Answer 39

suprarenal branch of the inferior phrenic artery suprarenal branch of the AO suprarenal branch of the renal artery

Question 40

the right suprarenal vein drains into the ______

Answer 40

IVC

Question 41

the left suprarenal vein drains into the ______

Answer 41

left renal vein

Question 42

the adrenal cortical hormones (ACH) are regulated by the adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) of the ______

Answer 42

anterior pituitary gland

Question 43

______ is a hyperfunctioning adrenal adenoma resulting in excessive cortisol secretion (hypercortisolism)

Answer 43

cushing's syndrome

Question 44

______ is a type of high functioning adrenal adenoma resulting from excessive aldosterone secretion

Answer 44

conn syndrome (primary aldosterone)

Question 45

______ is a type of hyperfunctioning adrenal adenoma resulting from excessive androgen production (overabundance of hair)

Answer 45

hirsutism

Question 46

the majority of patients that present with adrenal cortical carcinoma present with ______ syndrome

Answer 46

cushing's syndrome

Question 47

adrenal cortical carcinomas have a tendency to invade the ______ or ______

Answer 47

IVC | renal veins

Question 48

pheochromocytomas are associated with ______ & ______

Answer 48

multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) | Von Hippel-Lindau disease

Question 49

pheochromocytomas secrete catecholamines ______ & ______

Answer 49

norepinephrine | epinephrine

Question 50

______ originate in the adrenal medulla but may occur in ectopic locations such as along the paraaortic sympathetic nerve chain & the majority of these are benign

Answer 50

pheochromocytoma

Question 51

______ are benign, nonfunctioning adrenal masses that contain fat and bone elements

Answer 51

myelolipoma

Question 52

______ is a malignant tumor that arises from the sympathetic nervous system commonly occurring in the adrenal medulla but may also occur in the neck, chest, or pelvis

Answer 52

adrenal neuroblastoma

Question 53

adrenal involvement with lymphoma is common and frequently ______

Answer 53

bilateral

Question 54

the adrenal glands are the ______ most common site for malignancy after lungs, liver and bone

Answer 54

4th

Question 55

______ is the most common adrenal mass is a neonate/newborn

Answer 55

adrenal hemmorhage

Question 56

if there is a right liver mass, which direction will the IVC be displaced?

Answer 56

posterior

Question 57

if there is a right renal artery aneurysm, which direction will the IVC be displaced?

Answer 57

anterior

Question 58

if there is a tortuous AO which direction will the IVC be displaced?

Answer 58

right

Question 59

if there is a right adrenal mass, which direction will the IVC be displaced?

Answer 59

medial/anterior

Question 60

if there is a right renal mass, which direction will the IVC be displaced?

Answer 60

medial/left

Question 61

what direction will the splenic vein be displaced by a left adrenal mass?

Answer 61

anterior

Question 62

What direction will the bladder be displaced by a hematoma in the pouch of douglas

Answer 62

anterior

Question 63

with a gastric outlet obstruction and dilatation of the stomach, what direction will the pancreatic tail be displaced?

Answer 63

posterior

Question 64

what direction will a mass in the uncinate process displace the SMV?

Answer 64

inferior

Question 65

what direction will a mass in the left lobe of the liver displace the gastroesophageal junction?

Answer 65

posterior

Question 66

the most common adrenal mass in infancy and early childhood is ______

Answer 66

adrenal neuroblastoma