Scrotum Flashcards
What is the average size of testicles
L: 3-5cm
W: 2-4cm
H: 3cm
What is seen as a hyperechoic line within the testis (supports vessels and ducts coursing within the testis)
Mediastinum testis
What is the Epididymis composed of that lie along the postero-lateral surface of the testis
Head
body
tail
What carries sperm from the epididymis up into the pelvic cavity to the seminal vesicles
Vas Deferens or ductus deferens
Artery that is the main blood supply to the testicles that branches off the aorta inferior to the renal arteries
testicular artery
What venous network drains the testes and joins to form the testicular veins
Pampinform plexus of veins
The vas deferens, testicular arteries, pampiniform plexus of veins, lymphatic’s and nerves are all structures contained in the
Spermatic cord structures
In patient preparation for a scrotal sonogram, the patient should be instructed to remove all clothing from
the waist down
What should have Doppler applied to them as part of the scrotal ultrasound protocol
testicular artery
testicular vein
the tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea are not usually seen unless the patient has a
hydrocele
What is a hydrocele
Fluid collection between the layers of the tunica vaginalis
What refers to a testicle that fails to descend into the scrotum from the pelvis, through the inguinal canal
cryptorchidism
80% of patients with cryptorchidism are found in the
inguinal canal
What is the surgical correction of cryptorchidism
Orchioplexy
If surgery is not performed to correct an undescended testicle at an early age, what 3 things are the testis at a greater risk for
Infertility
testicular cancer
testicular torsion
What is the absence of one or both testes
anorchia
What refers to having more than two testicles
Polyorchidism
What is the bilateral anorchia
absence of both testicles
inflammation of the epididymis
epididymitis
epididymitis is the most common cause of
acute scrotal pain and tenderness
Describe the sonographic appearance of epididymitis
hypoechoic
hypervascular
enlargement of epididymis
Focal orchitis cannot be sonographically distinguished from a
tumor
What is another clinical clue that the patient may have orchitis along with a fever
elevated WBC or leukocytosis
A collection of blood within the scrotal sac is called what two things (appearance varies with age of injury)
hamatoma
hematocele
Hematomas and hematoceles can occur due to
traume
surgery
torsion
tumor
Fracture of the testicle due to trauma that is a surgical emergency is called
testicular rupture
Surgery within how many hours of injury causing rupture can save 90% of the affecting testicles
72 hours
What results when the testis and the epididymis twist within the scrotum, cutting off the vascular supply within the spermatic cord
testicular torsion
What is the most common cause of testicular torsion
Bell Clapper Deformity
With torsion there will be lack of flow in the
testicle
With torsion there will be normal flow in the
epididymis
What is the normal amount of serous fluid in the scrotal sac
1-2 mL
What is caused by an abscess rupture between the layers of the tunica vaginalis
Pyocele (pus in the scrotal sac)
Varicocele is an abnormal dilation of the
pampiniform plexus of veins
Varicocele is most common on what side
left
What is a scrotal hernia
when the bowels herniate through the inguinal canal into the scrotum
How is a scrotal hernia usually diagnosed
clinically with enlarged scrotum
abdominal pain
possible blood in stool
How many solid scrotal masses are benign
less than 5%
Dermoid cysts also known as teratoma contain
fat
teeth
hair
What are multiple tiny calcifications scattered through the testis that are associated with tumor, sterility and cryptorchidism
microlithiasis
The majority of intratesticular lesions are
malignant
Testicular cancer is typically a young man’s disease, with a peak incidence at what ages
15-35
What is the most common germ cell tumor and has the best prognosis of testicular malignancies
seminoma
What is associated with increased Beta-HCG and is more aggressive than seminoma? It accounts for 25% of all testicular tumors
embryonal cell carcinoma
What tumor is the most common germ cell tumor found in infants
yolksac/endodermal sinus
The yolk sac tumor is associated with increased
alphafetoprotein (AFP)
Teratomas in children are usually
benign
Teratomas in adults are usually
malignant
What percentage of all testicular tumors are germ cell tumors and are mallignant
95
What can make the diagnosis of a tumor being malignant vs benign
tissue samples
What affects men between the ages of 60-80 years old and is most common bilateral testicular tumor
lymphoma
What will most physicians perform when a solid mass is found within the testis
orchiectomy
If metastasis to the testicles occurs the primary is usually
prostate or renal
What are 2 symptoms associated with malignant testicular masses
acute scrotal pain
painless palpable scrotal mass
List the pathway of the sperm from the scrotum
semineferous tubules tubuli recti rete testis efferent ductules ductus epididymis vas deferens
