Prostate Quiz Flashcards
Prostate gland lies where in relation to the bladder
inferior
What runs through the center of the prostate
urethra
What does the prostate gland secrete
`milky fluid that contributes to the contents of semen
What chemicals does the prostate contain
chemicals that activate sperm
natural antibiotic to protect sperm
What are seminal vesicles
Storage sacs for sperm
Where are seminal vesicles located
Superior end of prostate gland
What happens upon ejaculation
Sperm leaves seminal vesicles and passes through prostate gland in the urethra
Another name for Cowper’s glands
Bulbourethral glands
What are the Cowpers glands
small glands along urethra inferior to prostate gland
What do cowpers glands do
secrete fluid that contributes to the seminal fluid volume
What is the Verumontanum
junction of the ejaculatory ducts with the urethra
Where is the verumontanum located
inferior ro the transitional zone
Measurements of the prostate
L: 4cm
W: 4cm
H: 3cm
What are the 4 prostate zones
Peripheral
Transitional
Central
Periurethral
Which zone is the largest
Peripheral
Where is peripheral located
lateral & posterior to urethra
Which zone do most cancers occur in
Peripheral zone
Where are the ejaculating ducts located
central zone
What zone does cancer rarely occur
Central
What zone is smallest in young men
Transitional
Area near urethra
Transitional zone
What zone is the area affected by Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Transitional
Why does BPH cause problems with urination
Because hypertrophy occurs in the area of the prostate that is closest to the urethra
Tissue that lines the prostatic urethra
Periurethral Zone
Hypoechoic area next to bladder
fibromuscular stroma
What does PSA stand for
prostate specific antigen
Normal PSA
less than 4.0
Intermediate PSA
4-10
Abnormal PSA
greater than 10
What happens to PSA as men age
it rises
An increase in PSA greater than what in a year is abnormal
20%
PSA density equals
PSA/prostate gland volume
What is PSA Density used for
calculation done to predict probability of prostate cancer
What is the upper limit of normal for PSA density
.15
Prostate gland volume is
L x W x H x .52 (cubic centimeters)
What transducer is used for prostate and where is it placed
Endocavity
rectum
Before sonography, what was done to assess the prostate gland
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
How many samples are taken for prostate biopsy
Minimum of 6
What are the 6 samples taken for prostate biopsy
Right base Left Base Right mid Left mid Right apex Left apex
What is the method used for prostate biopsies
sextant method
Newer technique being utilized for biopsies
systematic 5 region prostate biopsy
What other samples are taken along with sextant
far lateral peripheral zone
midline
Hoe many cores are taken
13
What is the patient preparation for imaging
Clear liquids after 6pm
enema 1 hour before exam
What is patient prep for biopsy
NPO after 6pm
laxative after dinner night before
enema 1 hr before
prophylactic antibiotic day before
Ultrasound patient position
Left lateral Decubitus LLD
Sonographic appearance of peripheral zone
hypoechoic
Sonographic appearance of central zone
usually echogenic to peripheral zone
Sonographic appearance of transitional zone
about same as peripheral
Sonographic appearance of seminal vesicles
anechoic/very hypoechoic
Sonographic appearance of Prostate urethra
echogenic through midline of gland
The gland should be what sonographically
symmetrical in shape & echogenicity from one side to the other
What is Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
enlargement/hypertrophy of the transitional zone
BPH may cause
urinary obstruction (common with age)
BPH sonographic appearance
large and round
central portion protrudes anteriorly sometimes appearing to compress peripheral zone
BPH symptoms
nocturia difficulty starting/stopping stream urinary urge urinary frequency can't empty bladder
What is TURP
procedure to relieve moderate to severe symptoms from enlarged prostate
Procedure for TURP
Excess prostate tissue blocking urine flow is removed
What is prostatitis
Inflammation/infection of gland
Common cause of recurring urinary tract infection
Chronic prostatitis
Most common malignancy in men
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Adenocarcinoma percentages
70% peripheral
20% transitional
10% central
Adenocarcinoma symptoms
frequent urination urinary urgency difficulty starting/stopping stream *elevated acid phosphatase *elevated for rising PSA
Most common characteristic appearance in adenocarcinoma
hypoechoic lesion in peripheral zone
What is removal of prostate gland
prostatectomy
Treatments for prostate cancer
chemotherapy
cryotherapy
microwave therapy
radiation therapy
