Breast Flashcards
Which breast layer is functional portion of the breast
mammary
What is the collective name of the connective tissue septa, which forms a fibrous “skeleton” that maintains the shape and structure of the breast
cooper’s ligaments
What is the echogenicity of fat within the breast
Hypoechoic
List the layers of the breast from superficial to deep
Subcutaneous
mammary
retromammary
Where is the pectoralis muscle located
posterior to the retromammary layer
Describe the parenchymal pattern of the breast tissue sonographically based on age: YOUNG
fibrous-dense echogenic pattern
Describe the parenchymal pattern of the breast tissue sonographically based on age: PREGNANT/LACTATING
larger, more dense glandular
Describe the parenchymal pattern of the breast tissue sonographically based on age: MATURE/OLDER
fatty replacement of glandular
Describe the parenchymal pattern of the breast tissue sonographically based on age: POSTMENOPAUSAL
ducts atrophy
less fibrous tissue
What tool can be used to improve loss of detail of superficial structures within the breast when performing an ultrasound exam
stand-off pad
What 2 arteries supply the breast
internal mammary gland
lateral thoracic artery
Venous drainage of the breast is provided mainly by which veins
superficial veins
Is it possible to have lymph node involvement from breast cancer
yes
At what age is it currently recommended that women should have an annual screening mammogram
40 years of age
List 5 factors for breast cancer
female gender increasing age family or personal history of breast cancer premenopausal breast cancer associated cancers
The physiology of the breast is affected by changing hormonal levels during what 3 processes
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
lactation
List 4 clinical signs/symptoms of possible breast cancer
new or growing dominant
discrete breast lump
does not fluctuate w hormone cycle
unilateral single duct nipple discharge
What type of breast mass is more suspicious for cancer, one that is wider than tall or taller than wide
taller than wide
List reasons why a breast sonogram may be ordered
further characterization of mammographic masses evaluation of a palpable breast lump young pt w dense breasts pregnant or lactating pt pt w breast aug difficult/compromised mammo image guided procedures
List the 4 lesion location methods
distance from nipple
clock face
ABC/123
quadrant
Regarding the characteristics of a solid malignant mass there may be
nipple retraction
dimpling of the skin
List 2 sonographic characteristics of a solid malignant mass, with regard to mass orientation
taller than wide
radial growth
What are the 3 possible differential diagnosis of a palpable breast lumo with negative breast imaging
fibrocystic condition
resolving trauma
cancer
List 3 sonographic characteristics of a solid malignant mass, with regard to mass margins
indistinct
fuzzy
spiculated
Describe the difference in the disruption of breast architecture by a benign versus a malignant solid mass
Benign- grows within tissue causing compression of the tissue adjacent to the mass
Malignant- grows through tissue without compressing adjacent tissue (may cause nipple retraction or skin dimpling)
List 3 sonographic characteristics of a solid malignant mass, with regard to mass shape
sharp
angular
microlobulations
In contrast what are the 3 characteristics of the shape of a benign mass
rounded or oval
large lobulations
Which is more suspicious of a solid breast mass sonographically, a mass that is isoechoic, compared to the surrounding tissues or a mass containing clusteres microcalcifications
clustered microcalcifications
Which of the following is more suspicious of a solid breast mass sonographically, a mass with some mobility or one that is firmly fixed and moves adjacent tissue
firmly fixed
benign condition that results in symptoms that represent normal physiologic processes of breast tisse that fluctuate under the influence of normal female hormonal cycles
fibrocystic condition
What are 3 categories of fibrocystic condition
no-proliferative
proliferative lesions without cellular changes
proliferative lesions with atypical cellular changes
What is the more common benign breast tumor
fibroadenoma
Which benign breast lesion consists of fatty tissue with fibrous and glandular elements
lipoma
Fat necrosis is caused by
trauma
surgery
radiation treatments
plasma cell mastitis
What is the initial treatment for acute mastitis
antibiotics
What age group is chronic mastitis usually seen on
elderly women
What are the clinical findings of a breast abscess
pain
swelling and reddening of skin
possible fever
swollen axillary lymph nodes
Can a definite diagnosis of breast abscess be made without aspiration
no
What is the most common symptom of intraductal papilloma
nipple discharge arising from a single duct
What fruit like appearance is intraductal papilloma said to have on mammo
rasberry
Which quadrant of the breast is cancer most often found in
upper-outer
List 2 main types of breast cancer and tell where they arise from
sarcoma- supportive or connective tissue
carcinoma- from the epithelium in the ductal or glandular tissue
Where do the majority of breast cancers begin
within the ducts
Cancers that spread outside the duct are referred to as
invasive or infiltrating
What does the term in situ mean
within the ducts- have not spread through the walls into other breast tissue
Which malignancy accounts for nearly 80% of breast cancers and has the potential to metastasize via the bloodstream or lymphatic system
invasive ductal carcinoma
invasive lobular carcinoma begins in the _______ and extends into the fatty tissue, is often bilateral,
lobule
multicentric
multifocal
Describe multifocal
more than 1 tumor identified, located within the same quadrant or ductal system and within 5 cm of each other, usually same cell type
Describe multicentric
located in different quadrants and at least 5 cm apart, usually different cell types
malignant breast legion that results in the lactiferous ducts being filled with a yellow paste-like material
comedocarcinoma
Paget’s disease typically affects women of what age group
over 50 years of age
List 4 interventional breast procedures that utilize ultrasound guidance
cyst aspiration
fine needle drainage procedures
sentinel node biopsy
needle localization
List 3 reasons a drainage procedure would be performed for a breast
breast abscess
seroma
hematoma
What is the purpose of a sentinel node biopsy
To assess lymph node metastasis involvement of breast cancer
