CH. 4-6 Flashcards by Hope Spriggs

Define metabolism

Physical/chemical changes that occur within the body

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The ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

Homeostasis

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Medical measurements to ascertain how the body is functioning

Vital Signs

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What are the 4 vital signs

temperature
blood pressure
pulse
respiration

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What region is the pancreas in

epigastrium

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What region is the liver in

right & left hypochondrium

epigastrium

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What region is the spleen in

Left hypochondrium

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What are the 9 regions of the abdominal cavity

left/right hypochondrium region
epigastrium region
left/right lumbar region
umbilical
left/right iliac fossa
hypogastrium

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Dome shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

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What 3 structures pass through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity

aorta
IVC
esophagus

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Latin for white line

linea alba

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Linea alba is a fibrous band that stretches from what to what

xyphoid process

symphysis pubis

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What is linea alba function

serves as attachment for the anterior abdominal wall muscles

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The six pack is formed by the

rectus abdominis

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What cavity is the false pelvis located in

lower abdominal

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The pouch between the uterus and the bladder is called

Vesicouterine pouch or anterior cul de sac

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The pouch between the rectum and the uterus is called the

rectouterine space
pouch of douglas
posterior cul de sac

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What 3 muscles make up the pelvic floor

levator ani
coccygeus
piriformis

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The pelvis floor muscles are also called the

pelvic diaphragm

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serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal viscera

peritoneum

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If part of the peritoneum is removed or damages, what develops

adhesions

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What lines the abdominal wall but does not cover an abdominal organ

parietal peritoneum

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What covers the abdominal organs

visceral peritoneum

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The space between the the parietal and visceral peritoneum

peritoneal cavity

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Define ascites

Some diseases that cause an abnormal collection of fluid

two-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches part of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

mesentery

two-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to another viscus organ

omentum

hangs down like an apron from the stomach in the space between the small intestine and the anterior abdominal wall

greater omentum

Why are peritoneal recesses and paracolic gutters important

frequent locations for fluid and infection to accumulate

Define hernia

protrusion of part of th3e abdominal contents beyond the normal confines of the abdominal wall

What 3 spaces are contained within the retroperitoneum

Anterior pararenal posterior pararenal perirenal space

What contents are located in the anterior pararenal

pancreas ascending/descending colon majority of duodenum

What contents are located in the posterior pararenal

fat | vessels

What contents are located in the perirenal

``` kidneys adrenal glands lymph nodes vessels perirenal fat ```

The best scanning window to utilize during an ultrasound exam is determined by what factors

``` type of exam patient position patient build gas area of interest anatomy ```

How does the sonographer determine which transducer to use

type of exam patient's body habitus window available if smaller footprint is needed

What positions may the sonographer ask the patient to assume in order to perform a sonogram

``` supine prone RLD LLD RPO LPO RAO LAO erect semi-erect ```

List the information that must be included in the labeling of each sonographic image

patient position scanning plane organ imaging

What scan planes are commonly used hen scanning the abdomen

sagittal transvers coronal oblique

How does the sonographer locate an organ or structure in the abdomen

neighboring structures or vasculature as landmarks

The celiac axis arises from the anterior aspect of the

Aorta

What vascular landmarks are seen when the pancreas is imaged in the transverse plane

inferior vena cava splenic vein superior mesenteric artery aorta

What structures are located in the portal triad

portal vein hepatic artery common bile duct

The aorta bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries at approximately the level of the

umbilicus

What lies anterolateral to the pancreatic head

gastroduodenal artery (GDA)

What lies posterolateral to the pancreatic head

Common bile duct

The renal runs what to the IVC

posterior

What part of the pancreas may be seen between the spleen and the left kidney

the tail

Define protocol

set of guidelines that tell what images are necessary to complete a specific exam. This includes patient prep and set-up instructions

List the steps a sonographer should take to ensure that patients receive the highest-quality care possible during their exam

``` properly identify patient maintaining confidentiality rules Patient privacy providing proper nursing care maintaining clean/sanitary equipment and examination rooms ```

Can the sonographer change transducers during a sonographic exam?

Yes

Why must a patient be NPO for a sonogram of the abdomen

to avoid bowel gas and a contracted gall bladder

In transverse images of the abdomen what should be visible in the most posterior portion of the image

vertebral column

What structure should be included on transverse images of the liver to ensure that no tissue is being clipped from the image

diaphragm

What maneuver must the sonographer do with the transducer to see the dome of the liver

angel steeply under the edge of the right costal margin towards the right shoulder

Describe how the echoes in the liver should look on a sonographic image

homogenous | uniform of gray even texture

The vessels in the abdomen should be what on the sonogram

anechoic

If the posterior portion of the liver cannot be seen even at the maximum gain, what should a sonographer do?

switch to a lower frequency transducer

What maneuvers can the patient do to improve visualization of the liver

Take and hold a deep breath | roll on left side

What happens to the gall bladder if the patient is not NPO

it will be contracted

What 3 structures is the Mickey Mouse sign referring to

portal triad main portal vein hepatic artery common bile duct