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11- FA- Gastrointestinal disease > Scour in sheep and parasitic gastroenteritis > Flashcards

Scour in sheep and parasitic gastroenteritis Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 causes of scour in neonatal lambs

A

nutritional- incorrect mixing of milk replacer
Bacterial- E.coli, Clostridium perfringens type B, salmonella
Viral - Rotavirus
Parasitic- cryptosporidium

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2
Q

List 4 causes of D+ in lambs

A

rumen acidosis
coccidiosis
nematodirus
parasitic gastroenteritis

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3
Q

List 3 causes of D+ in adult sheep

A

rumen acidosis/ lush pasture
salmonella
(Johnes)

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4
Q

At what age do lambs generally get affected by E.coli

A

watery mouth
< 4 days old

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5
Q

desribe what E.coli tends to look like in lambs

A

pyrexia
lethargic
may scour
mortality rates high
watery mouth
rattle belly- have a pot belly

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6
Q

what is watery mouth associated with

A

poor hygiene and failure of passive transfer

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7
Q

Decribe how to prevent watery mouth in lambs

A

good hygiene
hospital pen for sick lambs/ ewes
good colostrum management
ewe nutrition/ BCS- so colostrum good quality

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8
Q

How much colostrum should a lamb get

A

50ml/kg colostrum ASAP after birth (definitely by 6 hours) 5kg lamb = 250ml.
200ml/kg in first 24hrs (5kg lamb = 1litre)

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9
Q

What causes lamb dysentery

A

clostridium perfringens type B

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10
Q

what do you see with lamb dysentery

A

sudden death in lambs
may see blood tinged diarrhoea

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11
Q

How do we control clostridial diseases

A

Vaccination- given pre-lambing (lambs can be vaccinated from 2-3 weeks old)
they are opportunistic infections

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12
Q

what age does lamb dysentery tend to affect

A

< 3 weeks old

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13
Q

List the 2 species of coccidia which are pathogenic in sheep

A

E.ovinoidalis and E.crandallis

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14
Q

at what age are sheep most at risk for cocci

A

3-12 weeks old most at risk
tend to see more in housed lambs and later born lambs more at risk due to high challenge

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15
Q

List 4 risk factors of coccidiosis infection in lambs

A

mixing age groups of lambs
moving young lambs to shed/pasture where older lambs were kept
intensively stocked systems
faecal contamination in/around feed/water troughs

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16
Q

List the clinical signs of coccidiosis in lambs

A

straining
abdominal pain
diarrhoea +/- mucus and blood
death in severe cases

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17
Q

describe how to prevent coccidosis infection in lambs

A

colostrum management
maintain good hygiene
prevent faecal-oral transmission

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18
Q

what age lambs tend to be affected by cryptospordium

A

<10 days old

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19
Q

List the clinical signs seen with crypto in lambs

A

diarrhoea, inappetence, abdominal pain and mild pyrexia. In mild infections may see reduced growth rates and general poor performance

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20
Q

describe how to diagnose cryptospordisum in lambs

A

faecal sample/ PM

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21
Q

Describe prevention of cryptospordium in lambs

A

colostrum
fence off water courses- can be transmitted through this
don’t mix age groups
check disinfectants are effective against cryptosporidium

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22
Q

List the GI nematodes that affect sheep

A

Trichostrongylus
Teladorsagia
Nematodirus battus
Haemonchus

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23
Q

Name the trematode that can affect sheep

A

Fasicola hepatica

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24
Q

List the GI nematodes that can affect cattle

A

Ostertagia ostertagi
Cooperia oncophora
Trichostrongylus axei

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25
Q

List 2 parasites that sheep don’t develop immunity to

A

Fluke (sheep and cattle)
Haemonchus (sheep)

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26
Q

Which lungworms affect sheep

A

D filaria
M capillaris

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27
Q

where does nematodirus over winter

A

on the pasture (viable up to 2 years) - not in EWES

28
Q

what weather conditions are needed for N. battus to hatch

A

cold period followed by a mean day/night temp of 10 degree

29
Q

What can be seen on faecal egg count with N. battus

A

No eggs found - but cause disease before eggs are found

30
Q

Describe how to control N. battus in lambs

A

climate modelling- to help predict which pastures most risky

31
Q

what anthelmintic should be used against N. battus

A

BZ (white)- worm all lambs

32
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus in sheep

A

scouring
weight loss
poor fleece quality
dull depressed
dehydration
death

33
Q

what are the sub-clinical signs of Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus in sheep

A

lower DLWG
reduced feed conversion
reduced immunity to other infections

34
Q

what is Periparturient relaxation in immunity (PPRI) in sheep

A

immunity reduces near end of gestation this can allow L4 larvae to reactivate and shed eggs in faeces
when lambs goes out there is increased burden on pasture

35
Q

when is PPRI in ewes

A

2-4 weeks pre lambing to 6 – 8wks post- lambing

36
Q

Which ewes are at more risk of PPRI

A

triplets
low BCS
young (ewe lambs and shearlings)

These will generate most of the pasture contamination

37
Q

Describe type 1 gastroenteritis

A

Wet summers cause eggs to hatch and infect stock early and cause disease in the same season

38
Q

Describe type 2 parasitic gastroenteritis

A

Dry summers cause eggs to remain unhatched until autumn wet conditions at which point the infectious larvae enter hypobiosis inside the stock rather than completing development to adulthood.
All the larvae emerge from hypobiosis at the same time in the spring in the gut

RARE

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of haemonchus

A

anaemia, weakness, weight loss and sub-mandibular oedema in chronic cases. Fertility, fecundity, milk yield may all be affected by the infection in the same way as any other debilitating disease.

40
Q

Describe how to control haemonchus

A

Closantel to treat Haemonchus infections

as well as other BZ, LV & ML groups (these are ore broad spec so more likely to generate resistance)\

41
Q

which organs do ostertagi ostertagi affect

A

abomasum

42
Q

which organ does cooperia oncophora affect

A

small intestine

43
Q

how long does it take for cow to develop imunity to C. oncophera

A

one full grazing season

44
Q

how long does it take for cow to develop imunity to O. ostertagi

A

up to 2 grazing seasons

45
Q

when is the risk periods for parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle

A

mid-july until housing

46
Q

describe one way to reduce risk of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle

A

graze cattle on hay/silage aftermath in second half of grazing season to reduce risk of parasites

47
Q

What are the 3 groups of anthelmintics that can be used in sheep and cattle

A

BZ- group 1 - white
LV- group 2 - yellow
ML- group 3 - clear

48
Q

What are the 2 extra types of anthelminitcs that can be used in sheep

A

AD- group 4- orange
SI- group 5- purple
used to try and extend lives of group 1,2 and 3

49
Q

List 3 non-chemical methods of parasite control

A

genetics
grazing management
bioactive forage (chicory)

50
Q

Name a narrow spectrum anthelminitc that can be used against fluke and haemonchus

A

Closantel (Nitroxynil)

51
Q

Name a narrow spectrum anthelminitc that is effective OMNLY against fluke

A

Oxyclozanide

52
Q

Describe how to perform faecal egg count reduction test

A

FEC before treatment
FEC sample 7-14 days after treatment- depends on which used
then work out percentage efficacy

53
Q

what level on FECRT is considered resistant

A

Less than 95% reduction in FEC = resistance
Less than 50% reduction in FEC = obvious drench failure

54
Q

List 4 things that drive anthelminitic resistance

A

Buying in resistant worms.
Under dosing individuals.
Over treating the population.
Allowing resistant worms the chance to dominate.

55
Q

Describe how to prevent anthelminitic resistance

A

Quarantine treatments for purchased stock
Dose for the heaviest in the group and calibrate equipment
Minimise number of treatments
Administer the correct (narrow spectrum) product correctly!
Dilute out any AR worms
Use non-chemical means of control (inc clean grazing)

56
Q

Describe what is meant buy maintaining an ‘in refugia’ population

A

Maintain an in-refugia population that is not exposed to treatment (free-living on pasture and adults/immature in untreated sheep), this will dilute the eggs produced by AR worms.

Whole flock or whole group treatments to be discouraged.

57
Q

Describe what happens when you treat all group for worms then move onto low contamination pasture

A

fewer parasites around so lambs appear to be growing better, but they are mainly resistant worms.

58
Q

Describe what happens when you treat all group for worms then move onto high contamination pasture

A

more parasites around but mixed population of susceptible and resistant, so anthelmintics remain effective.

59
Q

what happens when using targeted selective treatment and/or dose delay move statergy

A

maximise anthelmintic efficacy whilst minimising negative impacts on production due to parasites

60
Q

at what point on FEC do we see reduced DLWG

A

> 300 eggs per gram

61
Q

what should you consider if lambs have high egg count but not scouring

A

Haemonchus contortus

62
Q

what DLWG do we expect in lambs

A

pre-weaning >300g/d
weaning 200-300g/d
150g/d autumn/winter

63
Q

how does co-grazing reduce parasite burden on pasture

A

reducing stocking density of host species

64
Q

describe how we assess pasture risk

A

based on field type
and grazing history

65
Q

how can delayed turnout reduce parasite burden on pasture

A

pasture contamination low by july if not grazed that season

66
Q

Describe what estimated breeding values are

A

measure of breeding potential of an animal for a specific trait.
Take into account performance data of relatives and heritability of trait.
use rams that have been selected for worm resistance can be useful in flocks

11- FA- Gastrointestinal disease (15 decks)

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