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11- FA- Gastrointestinal disease > Scour in sheep and parasitic gastroenteritis > Flashcards

Scour in sheep and parasitic gastroenteritis Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 causes of scour in neonatal lambs

A

nutritional- incorrect mixing of milk replacer
Bacterial- E.coli, Clostridium perfringens type B, salmonella
Viral - Rotavirus
Parasitic- cryptosporidium

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2
Q

List 4 causes of D+ in lambs

A

rumen acidosis
coccidiosis
nematodirus
parasitic gastroenteritis

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3
Q

List 3 causes of D+ in adult sheep

A

rumen acidosis/ lush pasture
salmonella
(Johnes)

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4
Q

At what age do lambs generally get affected by E.coli

A

watery mouth
< 4 days old

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5
Q

desribe what E.coli tends to look like in lambs

A

pyrexia
lethargic
may scour
mortality rates high
watery mouth
rattle belly- have a pot belly

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6
Q

what is watery mouth associated with

A

poor hygiene and failure of passive transfer

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7
Q

Decribe how to prevent watery mouth in lambs

A

good hygiene
hospital pen for sick lambs/ ewes
good colostrum management
ewe nutrition/ BCS- so colostrum good quality

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8
Q

How much colostrum should a lamb get

A

50ml/kg colostrum ASAP after birth (definitely by 6 hours) 5kg lamb = 250ml.
200ml/kg in first 24hrs (5kg lamb = 1litre)

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9
Q

What causes lamb dysentery

A

clostridium perfringens type B

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10
Q

what do you see with lamb dysentery

A

sudden death in lambs
may see blood tinged diarrhoea

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11
Q

How do we control clostridial diseases

A

Vaccination- given pre-lambing (lambs can be vaccinated from 2-3 weeks old)
they are opportunistic infections

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12
Q

what age does lamb dysentery tend to affect

A

< 3 weeks old

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13
Q

List the 2 species of coccidia which are pathogenic in sheep

A

E.ovinoidalis and E.crandallis

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14
Q

at what age are sheep most at risk for cocci

A

3-12 weeks old most at risk
tend to see more in housed lambs and later born lambs more at risk due to high challenge

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15
Q

List 4 risk factors of coccidiosis infection in lambs

A

mixing age groups of lambs
moving young lambs to shed/pasture where older lambs were kept
intensively stocked systems
faecal contamination in/around feed/water troughs

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16
Q

List the clinical signs of coccidiosis in lambs

A

straining
abdominal pain
diarrhoea +/- mucus and blood
death in severe cases

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17
Q

describe how to prevent coccidosis infection in lambs

A

colostrum management
maintain good hygiene
prevent faecal-oral transmission

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18
Q

what age lambs tend to be affected by cryptospordium

A

<10 days old

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19
Q

List the clinical signs seen with crypto in lambs

A

diarrhoea, inappetence, abdominal pain and mild pyrexia. In mild infections may see reduced growth rates and general poor performance

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20
Q

describe how to diagnose cryptospordisum in lambs

A

faecal sample/ PM

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21
Q

Describe prevention of cryptospordium in lambs

A

colostrum
fence off water courses- can be transmitted through this
don’t mix age groups
check disinfectants are effective against cryptosporidium

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22
Q

List the GI nematodes that affect sheep

A

Trichostrongylus
Teladorsagia
Nematodirus battus
Haemonchus

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23
Q

Name the trematode that can affect sheep

A

Fasicola hepatica

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24
Q

List the GI nematodes that can affect cattle

A

Ostertagia ostertagi
Cooperia oncophora
Trichostrongylus axei

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25
List 2 parasites that sheep don't develop immunity to
Fluke (sheep and cattle) Haemonchus (sheep)
26
Which lungworms affect sheep
D filaria M capillaris
27
where does nematodirus over winter
on the pasture (viable up to 2 years) - not in EWES
28
what weather conditions are needed for N. battus to hatch
cold period followed by a mean day/night temp of 10 degree
29
What can be seen on faecal egg count with N. battus
No eggs found - but cause disease before eggs are found
30
Describe how to control N. battus in lambs
climate modelling- to help predict which pastures most risky
31
what anthelmintic should be used against N. battus
BZ (white)- worm all lambs
32
Describe the clinical signs of Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus in sheep
scouring weight loss poor fleece quality dull depressed dehydration death
33
what are the sub-clinical signs of Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus in sheep
lower DLWG reduced feed conversion reduced immunity to other infections
34
what is Periparturient relaxation in immunity (PPRI) in sheep
immunity reduces near end of gestation this can allow L4 larvae to reactivate and shed eggs in faeces when lambs goes out there is increased burden on pasture
35
when is PPRI in ewes
2-4 weeks pre lambing to 6 – 8wks post- lambing
36
Which ewes are at more risk of PPRI
triplets low BCS young (ewe lambs and shearlings) These will generate most of the pasture contamination
37
Describe type 1 gastroenteritis
Wet summers cause eggs to hatch and infect stock early and cause disease in the same season
38
Describe type 2 parasitic gastroenteritis
Dry summers cause eggs to remain unhatched until autumn wet conditions at which point the infectious larvae enter hypobiosis inside the stock rather than completing development to adulthood. All the larvae emerge from hypobiosis at the same time in the spring in the gut RARE
39
what are the clinical signs of haemonchus
anaemia, weakness, weight loss and sub-mandibular oedema in chronic cases. Fertility, fecundity, milk yield may all be affected by the infection in the same way as any other debilitating disease.
40
Describe how to control haemonchus
Closantel to treat Haemonchus infections as well as other BZ, LV & ML groups (these are ore broad spec so more likely to generate resistance)\
41
which organs do ostertagi ostertagi affect
abomasum
42
which organ does cooperia oncophora affect
small intestine
43
how long does it take for cow to develop imunity to C. oncophera
one full grazing season
44
how long does it take for cow to develop imunity to O. ostertagi
up to 2 grazing seasons
45
when is the risk periods for parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle
mid-july until housing
46
describe one way to reduce risk of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle
graze cattle on hay/silage aftermath in second half of grazing season to reduce risk of parasites
47
What are the 3 groups of anthelmintics that can be used in sheep and cattle
BZ- group 1 - white LV- group 2 - yellow ML- group 3 - clear
48
What are the 2 extra types of anthelminitcs that can be used in sheep
AD- group 4- orange SI- group 5- purple used to try and extend lives of group 1,2 and 3
49
List 3 non-chemical methods of parasite control
genetics grazing management bioactive forage (chicory)
50
Name a narrow spectrum anthelminitc that can be used against fluke and haemonchus
Closantel (Nitroxynil)
51
Name a narrow spectrum anthelminitc that is effective OMNLY against fluke
Oxyclozanide
52
Describe how to perform faecal egg count reduction test
FEC before treatment FEC sample 7-14 days after treatment- depends on which used then work out percentage efficacy
53
what level on FECRT is considered resistant
Less than 95% reduction in FEC = resistance Less than 50% reduction in FEC = obvious drench failure
54
List 4 things that drive anthelminitic resistance
Buying in resistant worms. Under dosing individuals. Over treating the population. Allowing resistant worms the chance to dominate.
55
Describe how to prevent anthelminitic resistance
Quarantine treatments for purchased stock Dose for the heaviest in the group and calibrate equipment Minimise number of treatments Administer the correct (narrow spectrum) product correctly! Dilute out any AR worms Use non-chemical means of control (inc clean grazing)
56
Describe what is meant buy maintaining an 'in refugia' population
Maintain an in-refugia population that is not exposed to treatment (free-living on pasture and adults/immature in untreated sheep), this will dilute the eggs produced by AR worms. Whole flock or whole group treatments to be discouraged.
57
Describe what happens when you treat all group for worms then move onto low contamination pasture
fewer parasites around so lambs appear to be growing better, but they are mainly resistant worms.
58
Describe what happens when you treat all group for worms then move onto high contamination pasture
more parasites around but mixed population of susceptible and resistant, so anthelmintics remain effective.
59
what happens when using targeted selective treatment and/or dose delay move statergy
maximise anthelmintic efficacy whilst minimising negative impacts on production due to parasites
60
at what point on FEC do we see reduced DLWG
>300 eggs per gram
61
what should you consider if lambs have high egg count but not scouring
Haemonchus contortus
62
what DLWG do we expect in lambs
pre-weaning >300g/d weaning 200-300g/d 150g/d autumn/winter
63
how does co-grazing reduce parasite burden on pasture
reducing stocking density of host species
64
describe how we assess pasture risk
based on field type and grazing history
65
how can delayed turnout reduce parasite burden on pasture
pasture contamination low by july if not grazed that season
66
Describe what estimated breeding values are
measure of breeding potential of an animal for a specific trait. Take into account performance data of relatives and heritability of trait. use rams that have been selected for worm resistance can be useful in flocks

11- FA- Gastrointestinal disease (15 decks)

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