Brisket oedema Flashcards

1
Q

what does oedema mean

A

reduced venous return
loss of protein
leaky capillaries

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2
Q

List 9 differentials for oedema in cattle

A

High altitude disease
Malignant oedema
Liver fluke
Johnes disease
PGE
Other clostridial disease - e.g. struck
heart disease
reduced udder oedema- udder oedema
non-parasitic liver disease

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3
Q

where is high altitude disease seen

A

Seen above 5,000ft altitude
Not in UK

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4
Q

describe the pathogenesis of high altitude disease

A

Low oxygen saturation in the air
Pulmonary hypertension- increase hydrostatic tissue
–> Oedema in ventral tissues of chest and abdomen (ascites)

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5
Q

Describe how to treat high altitude disease

A

move to lower altitude area- but slowly
diuretics
appetite stimulants (B vitamins)
thoracocentesis

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6
Q

Describe how to prevent high altitude disease

A

breed for more resistant stock- don’t breen from affect animals

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7
Q

what causes malignant oedema

A

Clostridium (different types)
often introduced by injection or some other deep wound

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of malignant oedema

A

Rapid multiplication deep in tissues so clinical signs in <48hrs
anorexia
depression
fever
death
may have local swelling

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9
Q

what do we see on PM with malignant oedema

A

Affected muscles are dry and friable
red/black
emphysematous
Pericardium similarly affected

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10
Q

Describe how to prevent malignant oedema

A

clostridial vaccines
not that expensive

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11
Q

Describe how to treat malignant oedema

A

straight penicillin - needs to be for a long time
there are some surgical approaches

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12
Q

Describe the aetiology of udder oedema

A

unclear
correlation with reduced dry matter intake- poss transient liver dysfunction
occurs before calving

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13
Q

Describe how to prevent udder oedema

A

Diet during the dry period is most effective form of prevention

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14
Q

describe how to treat udder oedema

A

Treatment may be split into nursing care and medication
Massage and hot compresses to stimulate circulation
Diuretics- if very severe - needs to be given IV
corticosteroids once calved- if inflammation very severe

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15
Q

List 8 non-parasitic causes to liver disease

A

copper toxicity
neoplasia
liver abcess
hepatic necrosis
cholecystitis
chirrosis
tuberculosis
fatty liver syndrome

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16
Q

what is the most common cause of hepatic necrosis in cattle

A

Fusobacterium invasion (foot-rot)
is the end stage

17
Q

what is seen with copper toxicity

A

jaundice- sclera and skin
urine- black
anorexic
depressed
D+
abdominal pain
weakness found dead

18
Q

what is seen on PM with copper toxicity

A

liver bronzed colour
kidneys - gun-metal appearance

19
Q

when do chronic copper toxicity occur

A

slow build up
Only ‘spills over’ to hypercupraemia when the storage capacity of the liver is exceeded
Will then present as acute toxicity

20
Q

when is acute copper toxicity seen

A

Acute copper toxicity is seen after inadvertent over-administration
Usually found recumbent or dead

21
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

basically chronic effects of subacute liver fluke infestation

22
Q

when do we see signs of cirrhosis

A

in early lactation when metabolic demands highest

23
Q

what do we tend to see with cirrhosis

A

constipation
Can also see other clinical syndromes associated with the damage caused by the fluke including endocarditis, salmonellosis

24
Q

What is the toxin in ragwort

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

25
how does ragwort poisoning occur
Usually cattle are not attracted to graze on it, but this should not be counted upon Major problem if gathered up with hay
26
describe the pathogenesis of ragwort poisoning
Direct hepatocellular damage by the alkaloids slow, chronic ingestion is common ACUTE poisoning rare
27
describe the clinical signs of ragwort poisoning
weight loss mild to moderate jaundice photosensitisation diarrhoea and low grade colic Possible hepatic encephalopathy as ammonia levels rise around the brain
28
what do we see with hepatic encephalopathy
head pressing stupor - crazy behaviour blindness staggering
29
Describe how to prevent ragwort poisoning
pull plants before they flower do not make hay from affected fields Sheep can be less susceptible, so may even be able to tolerate ragwort at pasture in low doses
30
describe how to treat ragwort poisoning
adjust diet treatment often unrewarding - because chronic and they have overcome their hepatic threshold
31
Describe the pathogenesis of liver abscess in cattle
damage to rumen through grain overload (acidosis) Inflammation of rumen lining ---> bacteria go through rumen wall and into blood stream--> go to liver
32
List some possible complications of liver abscess
Rupture into the abdominal cavity causing massive peritonitis Rupture into a major vessel causing major haemorrhage, shock and sudden death Vena cava thrombosis But all depends on the abscess - may not see any signs of them
33
describe how to treat liver abscess
unrewarding
34
describe how to prevent liver abscesses
avoid acidotic ruminal conditions- feed enough roughage, do not over-feed grain