Scour in indoor cattle Flashcards
List 4 possible causes of D+ in pre-weaning calves within 14 days of age
Rotavirus
E. Coli
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum
List 3 causes of D+ in cattle thaat can occur at any age
Salmonella*
Rinderpest*
BVD
List 2 possible causes of D+ in adult cattle
Winter Dysentery (coronavirus)
MAP (Johne’s)
What can cause D+ in post weaning calves
Eimeria species
when does Clostridium perfringens disease occur
any age pre-weaning in calves
Proliferates if sudden diet change
what do we see with Clostridium perfringens infection
death +/- severe D+
What do we see on PM with Clostridium perfringens
Pathology: haemorrhagic enteritis, intestinal mucosal ulceration, D+ in intestines
at what age are calves susceptible to eimeria
3 weeks to 6 months
what do we see with clinical disease caused by eimeria
D+
poor DLWG
which species of eimeria are pathogenic to calves
Eimeria bovis
Eimeria zuernii
Eimeria alabamensis
So if see if then need to speciate to make sure it is causing the disease
Describe how to diagnose eimeria
McMasters test
describe how to treat eimeria
supportive therapy
List 6 predisposing factors of calves to eimeria
High stocking densities
Poor hygiene
Mixed aged groups
Stress factors
Wet and warm weather
Mixing calf groups
Describe how to prevent eimeria in calves
Medical: oral drench: Diclazuril, Toltrazuril
Hygiene- bedding management, stocking density, group management
why can we not test for antibodies for winter dysentery
Same pathogen that causes D+ in calves and mild BRD in post weaning calves
Most cattle are seropositive
Describe how winter dysentery tend to present
Highly contagious – most of the herd
Short lived explosive D+
Predominantly in the winter
Cattle in close confinement
Describe how to treat winter dysentery
self limiting
supportive treatment- oral fluids, NSAIDs
what is important to remember about salmonella
zoonotic and reportable
List 7 possible sources of salmonella infections in cattle
animal feed
contaminated water
pasture
animal slurry
wild animals
domestic pets
people
List predisposing factors of cattle to salmonella
not isolating new animals
contaminated water sources
starling- high number of birds
feed storage
inappropriate waste storage
Describe how to treat salmonella
Antimicrobials- TMPS
Fluids
NSAID
Describe how to diagnose salmonella
faecal cultures
salmonella PCR - faeces milk, BAL fluid
culture of PM samples
ELISA on serum or milk
what is normal rumen pH in cow
5.6 to 6.5
what is SARA
subacute ruminal acidosis - s characterized by repeated bouts of low rumen pH but the pH recovers after each bout
list 2 causes of low rumen pH in cattle
insufficient fibre- decrease rumination
excess starch - rapid fermentation
List 3 predispositions of SARA in cattle
excess starch- slug feeding, high conc feeding
lack of fibre- dietary sorting, or spring grass
decreased intakes- heat stress, poor cow comfort, poor transition
List the clinical signs of SARA
BCS decrease
variable faecal consistency
periodic anorexia
ejected cudballs
milk yield reduced
ovarian dysfunction
decreased rumen contractility- more likely Das
Describe how to diagnose SARA
rumen fluid sampling
2 methods
- stomach tube
- rumenocentesis
Describe how to prevent SARA
prevent sorting
cow comfort
prevent slug feeding
ensure enough water
list 3 common mycotoxins in cattle
Fusarium
Aspergillus
Penicillium
are in silage
Describe the clinical signs of mycotoxins
loss of appetite
reduced milk yield or poor weight gain
feed refusal
diarrhoea
pyrexia
pruritis
bleeding
ill thrift.
NON SPECIFIC SIGNS
Describe how to diagnose mycotoxins
analytical assay of the feed indicates the presence of mycotoxins.
Rule out infectious causes
Describe how to prevent mycotoxins
prevent soil contamination
minimise top spoilage through use of O2 barrier
mycotoxin binder in TMR
