Scour in indoor cattle Flashcards by Helen West

List 4 possible causes of D+ in pre-weaning calves within 14 days of age

Rotavirus
E. Coli
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum

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List 3 causes of D+ in cattle thaat can occur at any age

Salmonella*
Rinderpest*
BVD

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List 2 possible causes of D+ in adult cattle

Winter Dysentery (coronavirus)
MAP (Johne’s)

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What can cause D+ in post weaning calves

Eimeria species

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when does Clostridium perfringens disease occur

any age pre-weaning in calves
Proliferates if sudden diet change

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what do we see with Clostridium perfringens infection

death +/- severe D+

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What do we see on PM with Clostridium perfringens

Pathology: haemorrhagic enteritis, intestinal mucosal ulceration, D+ in intestines

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at what age are calves susceptible to eimeria

3 weeks to 6 months

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what do we see with clinical disease caused by eimeria

D+
poor DLWG

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which species of eimeria are pathogenic to calves

Eimeria bovis
Eimeria zuernii
Eimeria alabamensis
So if see if then need to speciate to make sure it is causing the disease

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Describe how to diagnose eimeria

McMasters test

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describe how to treat eimeria

supportive therapy

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List 6 predisposing factors of calves to eimeria

High stocking densities
Poor hygiene
Mixed aged groups
Stress factors
Wet and warm weather
Mixing calf groups

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Describe how to prevent eimeria in calves

Medical: oral drench: Diclazuril, Toltrazuril
Hygiene- bedding management, stocking density, group management

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why can we not test for antibodies for winter dysentery

Same pathogen that causes D+ in calves and mild BRD in post weaning calves
Most cattle are seropositive

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Describe how winter dysentery tend to present

Highly contagious – most of the herd
Short lived explosive D+
Predominantly in the winter
Cattle in close confinement

Describe how to treat winter dysentery

self limiting
supportive treatment- oral fluids, NSAIDs

what is important to remember about salmonella

zoonotic and reportable

List 7 possible sources of salmonella infections in cattle

animal feed
contaminated water
pasture
animal slurry
wild animals
domestic pets
people

List predisposing factors of cattle to salmonella

not isolating new animals
contaminated water sources
starling- high number of birds
feed storage
inappropriate waste storage

Describe how to treat salmonella

Antimicrobials- TMPS
Fluids
NSAID

Describe how to diagnose salmonella

faecal cultures
salmonella PCR - faeces milk, BAL fluid
culture of PM samples
ELISA on serum or milk

what is normal rumen pH in cow

5.6 to 6.5

what is SARA

subacute ruminal acidosis - s characterized by repeated bouts of low rumen pH but the pH recovers after each bout

list 2 causes of low rumen pH in cattle

insufficient fibre- decrease rumination excess starch - rapid fermentation

List 3 predispositions of SARA in cattle

excess starch- slug feeding, high conc feeding lack of fibre- dietary sorting, or spring grass decreased intakes- heat stress, poor cow comfort, poor transition

List the clinical signs of SARA

BCS decrease variable faecal consistency periodic anorexia ejected cudballs milk yield reduced ovarian dysfunction decreased rumen contractility- more likely Das

Describe how to diagnose SARA

rumen fluid sampling 2 methods - stomach tube - rumenocentesis

Describe how to prevent SARA

prevent sorting cow comfort prevent slug feeding ensure enough water

list 3 common mycotoxins in cattle

Fusarium Aspergillus Penicillium are in silage

Describe the clinical signs of mycotoxins

loss of appetite reduced milk yield or poor weight gain feed refusal diarrhoea pyrexia pruritis bleeding ill thrift. NON SPECIFIC SIGNS

Describe how to diagnose mycotoxins

analytical assay of the feed indicates the presence of mycotoxins. Rule out infectious causes

Describe how to prevent mycotoxins

prevent soil contamination minimise top spoilage through use of O2 barrier mycotoxin binder in TMR