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11- FA- Gastrointestinal disease > Scour in poultry > Flashcards

Scour in poultry Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 reasons why litter can become wet

A

poor drinker management
condensation from concrete floor
moisture from burning gas
sub-optimal ventilation

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2
Q

what is a possible problem with feeding chickens poor quality protein

A

poor quality protein is not digested —-> increased pH —> increased chance of bacterial scour

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3
Q

List 4 factor that can increased water consumption in poultry

A

high in sodium
high in magnesium
high in potassium
every 1% increase in protein = £% extra water consumption

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4
Q

List 7 possible history questions to ask to investigate wet litter issue in chickens

A

water consumption changes
daily live weight gain
food conversion rate
egg produstion
mortality
cull levels
other clinical signs

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5
Q

T/F clostridium perfringens is present in chicken intestines and environment without causing disease

A

True

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6
Q

when does Clostridium perfringens cause disease in chickens

A

Uncontrolled growth leads to intestinal integrity disruption. Cp await an opportunity to flourish
e.g. coccidial challenge, immunological stress (vaccine)

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7
Q

List the clinical signs of peracute necrotic enteritis

A

sudden death, after a short spell of huddling, depression and dullness
thin walls guts, necrosis and gassy intestinal contents

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8
Q

List the clinical signs of Subclinical necrotic enteritis

A

no discomfort or mortality
However, the birds are scouring and have intestinal gross pathology

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9
Q

List 5 predisposing factors of Clostridium perfringens in chickens

A

Concurrent infections e.g. coccidiosis
Excessive protein in the ration
Protein/energy imbalance in the ration
High levels of non-starch polysaccharides in the ration
Sub-optimal husbandry

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10
Q

Describe how to treat Clostridium perfringens

A

Amoxicillin OR tylosin for 3 days

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11
Q

Describe how to diagnose Clostridium perfringens

A

gram stain (they are gram +ve cocci- doesn’t tell you definitively that it is, but not common in intestine)
Response to treatment- should be rapid

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12
Q

Describe how to prevent Clostridium perfringens in poultry

A

Better coccidiosis control and site hygiene
enzyme supplementation to enhance protein digestion
No commercially avaliable vaccine

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13
Q

Describe Brachyspira

A

Gram -ve spirochetes
colonises birds large intestine

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14
Q

list the clinical signs of Brachyspira

A

Disease affects layer hens and broiler breeders causing a yellow frothy diarrhoea, and egg drop and typhlitis

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15
Q

how is Brachyspira spread in chickens

A

faecal oral route

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16
Q

decribe how to diagnose Brachyspira

A

PCR on affected faeces

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17
Q

describe how to treat Brachyspira

A

tylosin or tilmicosin

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18
Q

What does salmonella Gallinarum cause in poultry

A

high mortality
anaemia
green diarrhoea
hepatomegaly (the liver may also be bronze in colour

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19
Q

what is fowl typhoid

A

salmonella Gallinarum

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20
Q

what is Pullorum disease

A

caused by salmonella pullorum

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21
Q

What does Pullorum disease cause in poultry

A

acute mortality and D+- with white caked vents
predominantly young birds

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22
Q

what causes coccidiosis in poultry

A

eimeria
but it is species specific

23
Q

Describe how to identify carriers of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease

A

ELISA or slide agglutination tests

24
Q

Where does eimeria acervulina cause disease in chickens

A

upper intestine

25
Q

Where does eimeria maxima cause disease in chickens

A

upper intestine and middle intestine

26
Q

Where does eimeria tenella cause disease in chickens

A

caeca

27
Q

when is the peak challenge for chickens against coccidiosis

A

24 days of age

28
Q

Why is peak coccidiosis Challenge around 24 days of age in chickens

A

Several life cycles of coccidiosis are required to stimulate immunity
By the third passage (8x3 = 24 days of age) the cell mediated immunity component has had the required exposure to antigens and is able to control lesions
After the 3rd life cycle, lesions are controlled by the immune system of the broiler

29
Q

List 8 common manifestations of coccidiosis in chickens

A

Poor FCRs
Poor/variable weights
Poor bone mineralization
Dehydration
Decreased pigmentation?
Increased mortality
Assists onset of enteritis

30
Q

Describe how to diagnose coccidiosis

A

Microscopy
Gross pathological lesions
Molecular biological methods (PCR)

31
Q

Describe how to manage coccidiosis in poultry

A

environmental
immunological
chemotherapeutic

32
Q

Describe anticoccidials/ coccidiostats

A

they don’t treat coccidiosis- they are added to feed to control levels

33
Q

Is there a vaccine against coccidiosis in chickens

A

Yes- live attenuated
Not used in boilers
More used in breeders
expensive

34
Q

Describe therapy for coccidiosis in chickens

A

toltrazuril (baycox), amprolium

35
Q

List 4 possible reasons for coccidiosis outbreak in chickens

A

resistance to preventative drugs
high infection pressures
reduced feed intakes leading to suboptimal doses of anticoccidials
too low dosage of anticoccidial in feed

36
Q

List a disease that can cause D+ in turkeys

A

turkey haemorrhagic enteritis

37
Q

what is seen with turkey haemorrhagic enteritis

A

Anaemic carcases with diffuse haemorrhagic enteritis & mottled (marbled) spleen

38
Q

describe how to diagnose Turkey Haemorrhagic Enteritis

A

PCR testing

39
Q

describe how to control Turkey Haemorrhagic Enteritis

A

Control by vaccinating with an attenuated live vaccine through the drinking water at 18-28 days

40
Q

what does Infectious Bronchitis (QX strain) cause in chickens

A

Renal damage (nephritis) can follow respiratory disease
so water absorption by kidneys affected causes wetter droppings

41
Q

what is seen on PM with infectious Bronchitis (QX strain)

A

Pale enlarged kidneys with visceral gout

42
Q

Describe how to diagnose Infectious Bronchitis (QX strain

A

histology and PCR testing

43
Q

describe how to control Infectious Bronchitis (QX strain

A

Control with IB protector strain or specific QX strain live IB vaccines

44
Q

Describe what is seen with Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in chickens

A

hunched, pale, depressed birds with D=

45
Q

describe how to diagnose Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease

A

lesions are almost pathognomic (bursitis) but require PCR testing to be definitive

46
Q

Describe how to control Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease

A

Control with live attenuated vaccines in the drinking water (14 to 19 days of age) or vector vaccines in the hatchery

47
Q

List the diseases that can cause scour in chickens

A

Clostridium perfringens (necrotic enteritis)
Brachyspira
Salmonella
Coccidiosis
Infectious Bronchitis (QX strain)
Infectious bursal (Gumboro) disease

48
Q

T/F slower growing breeds have lower prevalence of intestinal disease

A

True

49
Q

What do wet droppings consist of

A

urates
urine

50
Q

What is haemorrhagic typhlitis caused by?

A

Coccidiosis

51
Q

T/F clostridium perfringens is a slow growing bacteria

A

False Fast

52
Q

What characteristics of the housing environment proliferate eimeria growth

A

Oxygen
Moisture
Growth

53
Q

What virus causes turkey haemorrhagic enteritis

A

Turkey siadenovirus A

54
Q

Where are vaccinations for infectious bursal disease administered?

A

In the water

11- FA- Gastrointestinal disease (15 decks)

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