Scientific processes P2

Question 1

What are the differences between aim and hypothesis?

Answer 1

Aims try to study broader questions wheras hypotheses are specific assumtions about the ralatioships between varibales.

Hypotheses can be tested statistically

Question 2

Directional hypotheses

What is a one tailed hypotheses?

Answer 2

A one tailed hypotheses is where you predcit that something specific will be the result.

For example, students with higher attendance will have better grades

Question 3

Non-directional

What is a two tailed hypotheses?

Answer 3

A two tailed hypotheses is where you predcit that the result could go either way

For example, students with higher attendance could get better or worse

Question 4

What is random sampling

List: Description, strengths, weaknesses

Answer 4

Question 5

What is stratifyed sampling

List: Description, strengths, weaknesses

Answer 5

Question 6

What is systematic sampling?

List: Description, strengths, weaknesses

Answer 6

Question 7

What is quota sampling?

List: Description, strengths, weaknesses

Answer 7

Question 8

What is snowball sampling?

List: Description, strengths, weaknesses

Answer 8

Question 9

What is opportunity sampling?

List: Description, strengths, weaknesses

Answer 9

Question 10

What is volenteer sampling?

List: Description, strengths, weaknesses

Answer 10

Question 11

What are the seven different types of sampling?

Answer 11

Question 12

What are pilot studies and the aims of piloting?

Answer 12

Pilot studies are small studies that are done to see if they would work on a larger scale.

Tests the feasibility and acceptably of the possibility of larger study

Like the pilot of a series

Question 13

What does experiment design refer to?

Answer 13

Experiment design refers to how participants are allocated to different groups in an experiment.

Question 14

What are the three different experiment designs?

Answer 14

1. Repeated measures
2. Independent groups
3. Matched pairs

Question 15

What are repeated measures?

Answer 15

Repeated measures is an experimental design in which the same participants take part in each condition of the experiement.

Question 16

Experiement design

What are independent groups?

Answer 16

Independent groups are an experimental design in which two groups are exposed to different experimental methods.

Question 17

Experimental design

What are matched pairs?

Answer 17

Matched pairs are an experimental design in which pairs of participants are matched in terms of key varibles, such as age and IQ.
One member of each pair in then placed into the experiment group and the other into the control group.

Question 18

What are investigator effects?

Answer 18

When the researcher accidentally effects the results of their own study.

Question 19

Name five ethical issues

Answer 19

1. Informed consent
2. Deception
3. Right to withdraw
4. Confidentiality
5. Protection from harm

Question 20

Ethical issue

What is informed consent?

Answer 20

Informed consent is when participants are able to make an informed judgement about whether to take part.

Question 21

What is the problem with getting informed consent?

Answer 21

Demand characteristics

People may change the way the act to fit in with what the experimenter wants

Question 22

Ethical issue

What is deception?

Answer 22

Deception has to be approved by an ethics committee, as it involves deliberately misleading or withholding information.

Participants must be fully debriefed after the study.

Question 23

What is the problem with deception?

Answer 23

You can’t undo the project so you have to consider whether it might scar the participants.

Question 24

Ethical issue

What is right to withdraw?

Answer 24

All participants should be informed at the beginning that they have the right to withdraw if they ever feel distressed or uncomfortable.

Question 25

What is the problem with right to withdraw?

Answer 25

It can cause bias as those who want to withdraw may be, for example, embarrassed.

Question 26

Ethical Issues

What is confidentiality?

Answer 26

Confidentiality concerns the communication of personal information. The researchers should not record any names but use numbers or false names.

Question 27

What is the problem with confidentiality?

Answer 27

It is not always possible to keep everything confidential.

Question 28

Ethical issue

What is protection from harm?

Answer 28

Participants should all have protection from harm. The researcher should avoid risks greater than those experienced in everyday life and they should stop the study if any harm is suspected. However, the harm may not be apparent at the time of the study.

Question 29

What is the problem with protection from harm?

Answer 29

• This can make some experiments difficult/impossible to carry out
• You may not yet know what the harm is

Question 30

Give some examples of the what implications of psychological research could mean for the economy

Answer 30

They may find that a form of looking after prisoners is more affective, this could save the government money.

They may find that parents want to put children in nursery’s less because of a study.

Question 31

Use a plant to describe different types of variables slimply.

You can look. Not a serious card.

Answer 31

Question 32

What is ‘experimental design’ referring to?

What are the different types of design?

Answer 32

Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to different groups in an experiment.

Types:
1. Repeated measures
2. Independent groups
3. Matched pair designs

How participants are paired together*

Question 33

What is a pilot study?

Answer 33

A pilot study is a small study that is used to see whether the experiment would work a big scale.

Question 34

What is a control variable?

Answer 34

A control variable is a factor in an experiment that remains constant to ensure that the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are isolated.

Question 35

What is an independent variable?

Answer 35

An independent variable is the factor in an experiment that the researcher intentionally manipulates or changes to observe its effect.

It’s considered the cause or reason for an observed effect.

Question 36

What is a dependant variable?

Answer 36

The dependent variable is what the researcher measures to see if it changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.
It represents the outcome or effect in an experiment.

Question 37

What is an extraneous variable?

Answer 37

An extraneous variable is any variable that you’re not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your study.

Question 38

What is a confounding varible?

Answer 38

A confounding variable is something that muddles the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in a study, making it hard to tell which variable is causing changes in the other.

Question 39

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 39

Demand charcateristics are when the participant changes the behaviour to what they think the researcher wants to see.

Question 40

What are investigator effects?

Answer 40

When the researcher accidentally effects the results of their own study.

Question 41

What are Demand Characteristics?

Answer 41

This is where the participant think they know what the experiment is trying to work and out change their behaviour.

Question 42

What are investigator effects?

Answer 42

When the investigator accidentally influences the outcome of an experiment.

Question 43

List some different ethical issues can you need to think about when conducting an experiment:

Answer 43

• Informed Consent
• Deception
• Right to Withdraw
• Confidentiality
• Protection from Harm

Question 44

What is the peer review process?

Answer 44