Scientific processes P2 Flashcards
Work out what done and what not done
What are the differences between aim and hypothesis?
Aims try to study broader questions wheras hypotheses are specific assumtions about the ralatioships between varibales.
Hypotheses can be tested statistically
Directional hypotheses
What is a one tailed hypotheses?
A one tailed hypotheses is where you predcit that something specific will be the result.
For example, students with higher attendance will have better grades
Non-directional
What is a two tailed hypotheses?
A two tailed hypotheses is where you predcit that the result could go either way
For example, students with higher attendance could get better or worse
What is random sampling
List: Description, strengths, weaknesses
What is stratifyed sampling
List: Description, strengths, weaknesses
What is systematic sampling?
List: Description, strengths, weaknesses
What is quota sampling?
List: Description, strengths, weaknesses
What is snowball sampling?
List: Description, strengths, weaknesses
What is opportunity sampling?
List: Description, strengths, weaknesses
What is volenteer sampling?
List: Description, strengths, weaknesses
What are the seven different types of sampling?
What are pilot studies and the aims of piloting?
Pilot studies are small studies that are done to see if they would work on a larger scale.
Tests the feasibility and acceptably of the possibility of larger study
Like the pilot of a series
What does experiment design refer to?
Experiment design refers to how participants are allocated to different groups in an experiment.
What are the three different experiment designs?
- Repeated measures
- Independent groups
- Matched pairs
What are repeated measures?
Repeated measures is an experimental design in which the same participants take part in each condition of the experiement.
Experiement design
What are independent groups?
Independent groups are an experimental design in which two groups are exposed to different experimental methods.
Experimental design
What are matched pairs?
Matched pairs are an experimental design in which pairs of participants are matched in terms of key varibles, such as age and IQ.
One member of each pair in then placed into the experiment group and the other into the control group.
What are investigator effects?
When the researcher accidentally effects the results of their own study.
Name five ethical issues
- Informed consent
- Deception
- Right to withdraw
- Confidentiality
- Protection from harm
Ethical issue
What is informed consent?
Informed consent is when participants are able to make an informed judgement about whether to take part.
What is the problem with getting informed consent?
Demand characteristics
People may change the way the act to fit in with what the experimenter wants
Ethical issue
What is deception?
Deception has to be approved by an ethics committee, as it involves deliberately misleading or withholding information.
Participants must be fully debriefed after the study.
What is the problem with deception?
You can’t undo the project so you have to consider whether it might scar the participants.
Ethical issue
What is right to withdraw?
All participants should be informed at the beginning that they have the right to withdraw if they ever feel distressed or uncomfortable.
What is the problem with right to withdraw?
It can cause bias as those who want to withdraw may be, for example, embarrassed.
Ethical Issues
What is confidentiality?
Confidentiality concerns the communication of personal information. The researchers should not record any names but use numbers or false names.
What is the problem with confidentiality?
It is not always possible to keep everything confidential.
Ethical issue
What is protection from harm?
Participants should all have protection from harm. The researcher should avoid risks greater than those experienced in everyday life and they should stop the study if any harm is suspected. However, the harm may not be apparent at the time of the study.
What is the problem with protection from harm?
- This can make some experiments difficult/impossible to carry out
- You may not yet know what the harm is
Give some examples of the what implications of psychological research could mean for the economy
They may find that a form of looking after prisoners is more affective, this could save the government money.
They may find that parents want to put children in nursery’s less because of a study.
Use a plant to describe different types of variables slimply.
You can look. Not a serious card.
What is ‘experimental design’ referring to?
What are the different types of design?
Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to different groups in an experiment.
Types:
1. Repeated measures
2. Independent groups
3. Matched pair designs
How participants are paired together*
What is a pilot study?
A pilot study is a small study that is used to see whether the experiment would work a big scale.
What is a control variable?
A control variable is a factor in an experiment that remains constant to ensure that the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are isolated.
What is an independent variable?
An independent variable is the factor in an experiment that the researcher intentionally manipulates or changes to observe its effect.
It’s considered the cause or reason for an observed effect.
What is a dependant variable?
The dependent variable is what the researcher measures to see if it changes as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.
It represents the outcome or effect in an experiment.
What is an extraneous variable?
An extraneous variable is any variable that you’re not investigating that can potentially affect the outcomes of your study.
What is a confounding varible?
A confounding variable is something that muddles the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in a study, making it hard to tell which variable is causing changes in the other.
What are demand characteristics?
Demand charcateristics are when the participant changes the behaviour to what they think the researcher wants to see.
What are investigator effects?
When the researcher accidentally effects the results of their own study.
What are Demand Characteristics?
This is where the participant think they know what the experiment is trying to work and out change their behaviour.
What are investigator effects?
When the investigator accidentally influences the outcome of an experiment.
List some different ethical issues can you need to think about when conducting an experiment:
- Informed Consent
- Deception
- Right to Withdraw
- Confidentiality
- Protection from Harm
What is the peer review process?
