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Honors Living Earth Period 4 > Sciene Exam 12-15-23 > Flashcards

Sciene Exam 12-15-23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 10% rule

A

Around 10% of the energy stored as glucose in one trophic level ends up as biomass in the next

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2
Q

How is energy transferred between trophic levels

A

When one organism eats another, it gains 10% of the glucose energy that the organism was storing

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3
Q

How does cellular respiration play a role in energy flow

A

Heat from cellular respiration causes energy loss

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4
Q

How does digestion affect energy flow

A

It creates glucose, an energy source

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5
Q

What role does the mouth play in digestion

A

The mouth mechanically digests, or breaks down, food into smaller chunks, also releases salivary amylase to help which performs chemical digestion

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6
Q

What role does the stomach play in digestion

A

Hydrochloride acid denatures proteins, pepsin helps digest proteins, mucus protects stomach, holds chyme, chemical digestion happens here

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7
Q

What role does the small intestine play in digestion

A

Where chemical digestion happens, where nutrients, sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids are absorbed into bloodstream

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8
Q

What role does the large intestine play in digestion

A

Where water and vitamins are absorbed, bacteria break down food that hasn’t been digested/absorbed, flushes out bad things by not absorbing water (diarrhea)

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9
Q

What role does the rectum play in digestion

A

Waste that doesn’t enter body cells is stored here

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10
Q

Role of anus in digestion

A

Waste leaves digestive tract as feces through anus

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11
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Starts to Break down food in mouth

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12
Q

Pepsin

A

Begins protein digestion in the stomach

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13
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down carbs, goes from pancreas to small intestine

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14
Q

Protease

A

Breaks down proteins, goes from pancreas to small intestine

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15
Q

Bile

A

Breaks down high fat foods, goes from liver to gall bladder to small intestine

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16
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down Lipids, goes from pancreas to small intestine

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17
Q

Salivary glands

A

Saliva kills bacteria, salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of starch

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18
Q

Teeth/tongue

A

Mechanical digestion, help coordinate swallowing

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19
Q

Glands in stomach

A

Make hydrochloric acid (denatures protein), pepsin, and mucus

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20
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile

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21
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile, sends bile to small intestine for high fat meals

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22
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes chyme), releases lipase, amylase, and protease to finish chemical digestion

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23
Q

Digestion of carbs

A

Salivary amylase breaks down carbs in mouth, amylase from pancreas breaks down into simple sugars in small intestine, absorbed into bloodstream

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24
Q

Digestion of cellulose/fiber

A

Not digested, exits from rectum through anus

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25
Q

Digestion of proteins

A

Mechanically digested in mouth, broken down in stomach by acid/pepsin, reach small intestine as amino acids, absorbed into bloodstream

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26
Q

Digestion of lipids

A

Mechanically broken down in mouth, broken down into glycerol/fatty acids by lipase in small intestine, absorbed into bloodstream

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27
Q

Bolus

A

Swallowed ball of food in stomach

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28
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

c6h12o6 + 6 o2 = 6 co2 + 6 h2o + 38 ATP

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29
Q

What are the steps of aerobic cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis: glucose is split in half to create 2 smaller molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 ATP and NADH are created, occurs in cytoplasm
  2. Krebs cycle: pyruvic acid is broken down, 2 ATP and NADH are created here, occurs in matrix of mitochondria
  3. Electron transport chain (ETC): 34 ATP and water are created as carbon dioxide and NADH move down mitochondrial membrane, occurs in cristae of mitochondria
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30
Q

What are the steps of Anaerobic cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis: glucose is split in half to create 2 smaller molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 ATP and NADH are created, occurs in cytoplasm
  2. Undergoes fermentation, if human turns into lactic acid, if yeast turns into alcohol and carbon dioxide,

In total 2 ATP created (from glycolysis)

31
Q

How was anaerobic respiration measured/observed in the muscle fatigue lab

A

The number of times we squeezed the tennis ball and when we started to feel muscle fatigue

32
Q

What are stomata and their functions

A

stomata exchange gasses with the atmosphere, and allow controlled release of water molecules

33
Q

What are some adaptations of stomata

A

More stomata on the lower epidermis, aquatic plants have more on the upper epidermis, increased number of stomata in wetter environments

34
Q

Procedures and data from stomata lab

A

Procedure: look at pictures of stomata under microscope

Data: on average more stomata open than closed, riparian tree has most, dragon tree has least, banana tree has greatest difference in stomata distribution

35
Q

Procedures and data of chromatography lab

A

Procedure: roll coin over leaf to get pigment on paper, add isopropyl alcohol to beaker, put strips in solvent and remove when solvent is 1 cm away from pencil line

Data: sample a and e had chlorophyll a, sample b had anthocyanin, sample c had xanthophyll, sample d had chlorophyll b

36
Q

How is light absorbed by plants

A

Pigments im photosynthetic organisms absorb sunlight, and plants typically absorb red-orange and violet-blue light

37
Q

Cuticle

A

Prevents water loss

38
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

Circle/protect xylem and phloem

39
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water

40
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sugar/food

41
Q

Mesophyll cells

A

Where photosynthesis happens

42
Q

Guard cells

A

Open and close stomata, open when filled with water, close when dry

43
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of cell, provides protection

44
Q

Light independent reactions

A

Happens in the Stroma, stomata absorb co2, h2 and ATP come from light dependent reaction, electrons transferred off carrying molecules, produces ADP, NADP+, glucose

45
Q

Light dependent reactions

A

Happens in thylakoid of chloroplast, chlorophyll absorbs light energy, water comes up from roots, atomic bonds are broken and light becomes energy, produces oxygen, ATP, NADPH

46
Q

Why do plants plants and animals need carbon

A

For cellular respiration

47
Q

How does carbon get added/removed from the atmosphere

A

Added: respiration, organic carbon, fossil fuel emissions

Removed: photosynthesis

48
Q

How are fossil fuels formed and how does their extraction/combustion affect the carbon cycle

A

Sometimes dead organisms become fossilized which produces fossil fuels, extraction and combustion releases carbon into atmosphere

49
Q

What is ocean acidification

A

The ocean is a store of carbon, too much carbon causes acidification

50
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected

A

The reactants of one are the products of another, cancel each other out, similar processes

51
Q

Why do plants and animals need nitrogen

A

It helps provide vitamins and helps build proteins and nucleus acids

52
Q

Where is nitrogen’s largest reservoir

A

The atmosphere

53
Q

What organisms facilitate the cycling of nitrogen

A

Plants, animals, and bacteria

54
Q

Why do plants and animals need water

A

To perform photosynthesis and cellular respiration, maintainable stable body temp, essential for all life

55
Q

Where is water’s largest reservoir

A

Saltwater/ocean

56
Q

How does evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and percolation move water in the water cycle

A

Evaporation: Turns into water vapor
Transpiration: transports water from roots to leaves of plants
Condensation: cools/condenses water vapor into clouds
Percolation: water absorbed into ground, forms groundwater

57
Q

Why do plants and animals need phosphorus

A

Helps cell development and stores energy

58
Q

What is phosphorus’s largest reservoir

A

Sedimentary rock

59
Q

How does the use of artificial fertilizer affect the phosphorus cycle

A

Rain causes phosphates to dissolve in water, enters large bodies of water through surface runoff

60
Q

Where does the etc take place

A

Cristae of mitochondria

61
Q

In Which cells does cellular respiration occur

A

All eukaryotic cells

62
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

Matrix of mitochondria

63
Q

How many total ATP are made in aerobic cellular respiration

A

36

64
Q

Why is oxygen necessary for the etc

A

It acts as an electron acceptor

65
Q

When is most of the ATP made

A

The etc

66
Q

What kind of fermentation produces ethanol and co2

A

Alcoholic

67
Q

Which cells contain most of the chloroplasts

A

Palisade mesophyll

68
Q

What transformation of energy takes place during photosynthesis

A

Radiant to chemical

69
Q

What products of the light reaction are used by the Calvin cycle

A

ATP and NADPH

70
Q

How many phosphate groups make up a molecule of ATP

A

3

71
Q

What part of the cell contains light absorbing molecules that start photosynthesis

A

Thylakoids

72
Q

What part of photosynthesis does not require light

A

The Calvin cycle

73
Q

What are the steps of the Calvin cycle

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of RuBP

Honors Living Earth Period 4 (19 decks)

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