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Honors Living Earth Period 4 > Sciene Exam 12-15-23 > Flashcards

Sciene Exam 12-15-23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 10% rule

A

Around 10% of the energy stored as glucose in one trophic level ends up as biomass in the next

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2
Q

How is energy transferred between trophic levels

A

When one organism eats another, it gains 10% of the glucose energy that the organism was storing

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3
Q

How does cellular respiration play a role in energy flow

A

Heat from cellular respiration causes energy loss

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4
Q

How does digestion affect energy flow

A

It creates glucose, an energy source

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5
Q

What role does the mouth play in digestion

A

The mouth mechanically digests, or breaks down, food into smaller chunks, also releases salivary amylase to help which performs chemical digestion

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6
Q

What role does the stomach play in digestion

A

Hydrochloride acid denatures proteins, pepsin helps digest proteins, mucus protects stomach, holds chyme, chemical digestion happens here

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7
Q

What role does the small intestine play in digestion

A

Where chemical digestion happens, where nutrients, sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids are absorbed into bloodstream

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8
Q

What role does the large intestine play in digestion

A

Where water and vitamins are absorbed, bacteria break down food that hasn’t been digested/absorbed, flushes out bad things by not absorbing water (diarrhea)

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9
Q

What role does the rectum play in digestion

A

Waste that doesn’t enter body cells is stored here

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10
Q

Role of anus in digestion

A

Waste leaves digestive tract as feces through anus

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11
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Starts to Break down food in mouth

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12
Q

Pepsin

A

Begins protein digestion in the stomach

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13
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down carbs, goes from pancreas to small intestine

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14
Q

Protease

A

Breaks down proteins, goes from pancreas to small intestine

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15
Q

Bile

A

Breaks down high fat foods, goes from liver to gall bladder to small intestine

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16
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down Lipids, goes from pancreas to small intestine

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17
Q

Salivary glands

A

Saliva kills bacteria, salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of starch

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18
Q

Teeth/tongue

A

Mechanical digestion, help coordinate swallowing

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19
Q

Glands in stomach

A

Make hydrochloric acid (denatures protein), pepsin, and mucus

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20
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile

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21
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile, sends bile to small intestine for high fat meals

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22
Q

Pancreas

A

Makes sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes chyme), releases lipase, amylase, and protease to finish chemical digestion

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23
Q

Digestion of carbs

A

Salivary amylase breaks down carbs in mouth, amylase from pancreas breaks down into simple sugars in small intestine, absorbed into bloodstream

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24
Q

Digestion of cellulose/fiber

A

Not digested, exits from rectum through anus

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25
Digestion of proteins
Mechanically digested in mouth, broken down in stomach by acid/pepsin, reach small intestine as amino acids, absorbed into bloodstream
26
Digestion of lipids
Mechanically broken down in mouth, broken down into glycerol/fatty acids by lipase in small intestine, absorbed into bloodstream
27
Bolus
Swallowed ball of food in stomach
28
What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration
c6h12o6 + 6 o2 = 6 co2 + 6 h2o + 38 ATP
29
What are the steps of aerobic cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis: glucose is split in half to create 2 smaller molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 ATP and NADH are created, occurs in cytoplasm 2. Krebs cycle: pyruvic acid is broken down, 2 ATP and NADH are created here, occurs in matrix of mitochondria 3. Electron transport chain (ETC): 34 ATP and water are created as carbon dioxide and NADH move down mitochondrial membrane, occurs in cristae of mitochondria
30
What are the steps of Anaerobic cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis: glucose is split in half to create 2 smaller molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 ATP and NADH are created, occurs in cytoplasm 2. Undergoes fermentation, if human turns into lactic acid, if yeast turns into alcohol and carbon dioxide, In total 2 ATP created (from glycolysis)
31
How was anaerobic respiration measured/observed in the muscle fatigue lab
The number of times we squeezed the tennis ball and when we started to feel muscle fatigue
32
What are stomata and their functions
stomata exchange gasses with the atmosphere, and allow controlled release of water molecules
33
What are some adaptations of stomata
More stomata on the lower epidermis, aquatic plants have more on the upper epidermis, increased number of stomata in wetter environments
34
Procedures and data from stomata lab
Procedure: look at pictures of stomata under microscope Data: on average more stomata open than closed, riparian tree has most, dragon tree has least, banana tree has greatest difference in stomata distribution
35
Procedures and data of chromatography lab
Procedure: roll coin over leaf to get pigment on paper, add isopropyl alcohol to beaker, put strips in solvent and remove when solvent is 1 cm away from pencil line Data: sample a and e had chlorophyll a, sample b had anthocyanin, sample c had xanthophyll, sample d had chlorophyll b
36
How is light absorbed by plants
Pigments im photosynthetic organisms absorb sunlight, and plants typically absorb red-orange and violet-blue light
37
Cuticle
Prevents water loss
38
Bundle sheath cells
Circle/protect xylem and phloem
39
Xylem
Transports water
40
Phloem
Transports sugar/food
41
Mesophyll cells
Where photosynthesis happens
42
Guard cells
Open and close stomata, open when filled with water, close when dry
43
Epidermis
Outer layer of cell, provides protection
44
Light independent reactions
Happens in the Stroma, stomata absorb co2, h2 and ATP come from light dependent reaction, electrons transferred off carrying molecules, produces ADP, NADP+, glucose
45
Light dependent reactions
Happens in thylakoid of chloroplast, chlorophyll absorbs light energy, water comes up from roots, atomic bonds are broken and light becomes energy, produces oxygen, ATP, NADPH
46
Why do plants plants and animals need carbon
For cellular respiration
47
How does carbon get added/removed from the atmosphere
Added: respiration, organic carbon, fossil fuel emissions Removed: photosynthesis
48
How are fossil fuels formed and how does their extraction/combustion affect the carbon cycle
Sometimes dead organisms become fossilized which produces fossil fuels, extraction and combustion releases carbon into atmosphere
49
What is ocean acidification
The ocean is a store of carbon, too much carbon causes acidification
50
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected
The reactants of one are the products of another, cancel each other out, similar processes
51
Why do plants and animals need nitrogen
It helps provide vitamins and helps build proteins and nucleus acids
52
Where is nitrogen’s largest reservoir
The atmosphere
53
What organisms facilitate the cycling of nitrogen
Plants, animals, and bacteria
54
Why do plants and animals need water
To perform photosynthesis and cellular respiration, maintainable stable body temp, essential for all life
55
Where is water’s largest reservoir
Saltwater/ocean
56
How does evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and percolation move water in the water cycle
Evaporation: Turns into water vapor Transpiration: transports water from roots to leaves of plants Condensation: cools/condenses water vapor into clouds Percolation: water absorbed into ground, forms groundwater
57
Why do plants and animals need phosphorus
Helps cell development and stores energy
58
What is phosphorus’s largest reservoir
Sedimentary rock
59
How does the use of artificial fertilizer affect the phosphorus cycle
Rain causes phosphates to dissolve in water, enters large bodies of water through surface runoff
60
Where does the etc take place
Cristae of mitochondria
61
In Which cells does cellular respiration occur
All eukaryotic cells
62
Where does the Krebs cycle take place
Matrix of mitochondria
63
How many total ATP are made in aerobic cellular respiration
36
64
Why is oxygen necessary for the etc
It acts as an electron acceptor
65
When is most of the ATP made
The etc
66
What kind of fermentation produces ethanol and co2
Alcoholic
67
Which cells contain most of the chloroplasts
Palisade mesophyll
68
What transformation of energy takes place during photosynthesis
Radiant to chemical
69
What products of the light reaction are used by the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
70
How many phosphate groups make up a molecule of ATP
3
71
What part of the cell contains light absorbing molecules that start photosynthesis
Thylakoids
72
What part of photosynthesis does not require light
The Calvin cycle
73
What are the steps of the Calvin cycle
Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration of RuBP

Honors Living Earth Period 4 (19 decks)

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