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Honors Living Earth Period 4 > Science Exam 11-7 > Flashcards

Science Exam 11-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What organelles do animal cells have

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion

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2
Q

What organelles do plant cells have

A

Vacuole, chloroplast, mitochondrion, cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cell wall

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Directs the work of the cell

Helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell (also how it maintains homeostasis)

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5
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Place where many chemical reactions happen

Helps maintain homeostasis by sensing quality/quantity of proteins as well as folding

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

Where proteins are made

Helps maintain homeostasis by having cellular conditions regulated by the proteins it creates

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Digests foods and gets rid of harmful particles

Helps maintain homeostasis by mobilizing energy stores

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages proteins

Helps maintain homeostasis by secreting proteins that perform functions such as inducing changes in gene expression

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9
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Produce energy (used for homeostasis)

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with sap, maintains pressure on cell wall

Helps maintain homeostasis by controlling cell volume, regulates cytoplasm, stores molecules, and manages toxic ions

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11
Q

Chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis happens

Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating lipid membranes, proteins, enzymes, and hormones

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports and protects the cell

Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating what enters/leaves cell

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13
Q

What was the the purpose of the glove experiment

A

To see how diffusion works

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14
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle

A

G0, G1, S (synthesis), G2, and M (mitosis)

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15
Q

What happens in G0

A

Resting phase, some cells never leave, enter it when conditions for cell division are not favorable

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16
Q

What happens in G1

A

First growth phase, cell increases in size and synthesizes new/more organelles

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17
Q

What happens in S

A

Cells DNA is replicated

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18
Q

What happens in G2

A

Cell continues to grow, produces proteins needed for cell division (centrides)

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19
Q

What happens in M

A

The cell splits by dividing the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

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20
Q

What happens to the rate of cell division that results in cancer

A

Cells continue to make copies and old/abnormal cells don’t die

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21
Q

What parts are in the cell membrane

A

Glycolipids, carb chains, glycoproteins, integrant proteins, receptors, receptor proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids/phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, carrier proteins, channel proteins, surface proteins

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22
Q

What do transport proteins (channel and carrier) do

A

Move ions, polar, and large molecules in and out of the cell (carrier proteins more specific)

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23
Q

What do glycoproteins do

A

Allow cells to stick together to form tissues/organs

24
Q

What do glycolipids/glycoproteins do

A

Act as markers on cell surface, allow immune system to recognize the body’s “self” cells and not destroy them

25
What do receptor proteins do
Signaling molecules attach to it, receptor protein changes shape which causes change inside the cell (communications/ sending or receiving of signaling molecules)
26
What does cholesterol do
Regulates fluidity of cell membrane, keeps phospholipids spread out at low temperatures
27
What is negative feedback
Counterbalancing feedback that helps maintain stable internal environment by discouraging variations from a set point (emptying stomach, relaxing stomach wall by emptying food)
28
What is positive feedback
Reinforcing feedback the amplifies or speeds up a physiological response to active a particular outcome (giving birth, repeated cycle)
29
Differences between plant and animal cells
Animal calls have lysosomes and ribosomes while plant cells have a cell wall and specialized plastids, such as chloroplasts
30
Similarities between plant and animal cells
Both eukaryotic and have nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, and mitochondrion
31
What is the effect of enzymes on the activation energy of chemical reactions
Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction
32
What are anabolic reactions (matchmakers)
They connect substrates into a single product
33
What are catabolic reactions (gossipers)
They break a substrate apart
34
What is the balanced reaction of catalase with hydrogen peroxide
2 H2O2 ————————> 2 H2O O2
35
What were the results from the liver lab
Enzyme activity at different pH levels: pH affects catalase enzyme activity Raw beef liver: quick/ big reaction, temperature increase Are enzymes reusable: yes, but they wear out Cooked beef liver: quick reaction, little bubbles, room temperature Beef liver soaked in acid: nothing happened, room temperature, denatured by acid Raw chicken liver: quick reaction, smaller amount of bubbles
36
What were the results from the liver lab test 6 (plant tissues)
Green pepper: slow and less bubbles, room temperature Carrot: nothing really happened, few bubbles, room temperature Green tomato: less bubbles, cold Red tomato: a lot of bubbles, quicker reaction, cold but less so than green tomato
37
What affects enzymatic reactions and why
pH and temperature can increase or decrease enzyme activity and denature enzymes (hotter temp equals more activity)
38
How did the toothpickase lab simulate enzymatic reactions and how was the rate of the reaction affected
Baseline: the rate that enzymes work in ideal conditions, average/normal rate Low substrate concentration: how fast enzymes work when the substrate is spread out, rate lowered slightly Competitive inhibitor: shows how fast enzymes work with something interfering in their work, rate lowered a lot High enzyme concentration: shows how fast multiple enzymes work, rate slightly increased Partially denatured: shows the rate at which enzymes work when partially denatured, rate slightly decreased Lowered temperature: shows how fast enzymes woke in colder conditions, rate very low Completely denatured: shows that enzymes do not functions when fully denatured
39
How does competitive inhibition work
Competitive inhibitors disguise as an enzymes substrate preventing the substrates from binding to the active site and decreasing the reaction rate
40
What is mitosis
The process of making an identical copy of a somatic/body cell
41
What type of cells do you start with and produce in mitosis
Mitosis starts with diploid and produces haploid
42
How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis
It controls what leaves and enters the cell, if there is too much/little of something it can dispose of substances and let substances in
43
Centriole
Organizes cytoskeleton of cell and determines the location of organelles (mitosis)
44
Chromatid
One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated (mitosis)
45
How do you identify the point of isotonicity
Where the line crosses the x axis and the net change of the grapes mass is 0
46
How does the brain help maintain homeostasis
Temperature receptors, detects blood changes
47
How do the adrenal glands help maintain homeostasis
Adrenaline release, gives body kickstart, helps provide fuel
48
How do the muscles help maintain homeostasis
Help with physical activity, affects/changes balance
49
How does the heart help maintain homeostasis
Provides more blood, allows increased intake of oxygen
50
How do the lungs help maintain homeostasis
Provide oxygen
51
How does the liver help maintain homeostasis
Stores glucose, breaks down fat for energy
52
How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis
Regulate water loss
53
What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions
Water is moved out of the body and the cell shrivels up and dies (cell has low concentration)
54
What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions
The cell takes in water which causes it to expand until it bursts (cell has high concentration)
55
What is active transport
When substances move against the concentration gradient, requires energy (from low to high concentration)
56
What is passive transport
The movement of substances along the concentration gradient, does not require energy (from high to low)

Honors Living Earth Period 4 (19 decks)

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