Science Exam 11-7 Flashcards
What organelles do animal cells have
Nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion
What organelles do plant cells have
Vacuole, chloroplast, mitochondrion, cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cell wall
Nucleus
Directs the work of the cell
Helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information
Cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell (also how it maintains homeostasis)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Place where many chemical reactions happen
Helps maintain homeostasis by sensing quality/quantity of proteins as well as folding
Ribosome
Where proteins are made
Helps maintain homeostasis by having cellular conditions regulated by the proteins it creates
Lysosome
Digests foods and gets rid of harmful particles
Helps maintain homeostasis by mobilizing energy stores
Golgi apparatus
Packages proteins
Helps maintain homeostasis by secreting proteins that perform functions such as inducing changes in gene expression
Mitochondrion
Produce energy (used for homeostasis)
Vacuole
Filled with sap, maintains pressure on cell wall
Helps maintain homeostasis by controlling cell volume, regulates cytoplasm, stores molecules, and manages toxic ions
Chloroplast
Where photosynthesis happens
Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating lipid membranes, proteins, enzymes, and hormones
Cell wall
Supports and protects the cell
Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating what enters/leaves cell
What was the the purpose of the glove experiment
To see how diffusion works
What are the phases of the cell cycle
G0, G1, S (synthesis), G2, and M (mitosis)
What happens in G0
Resting phase, some cells never leave, enter it when conditions for cell division are not favorable
What happens in G1
First growth phase, cell increases in size and synthesizes new/more organelles
What happens in S
Cells DNA is replicated
What happens in G2
Cell continues to grow, produces proteins needed for cell division (centrides)
What happens in M
The cell splits by dividing the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
What happens to the rate of cell division that results in cancer
Cells continue to make copies and old/abnormal cells don’t die
What parts are in the cell membrane
Glycolipids, carb chains, glycoproteins, integrant proteins, receptors, receptor proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids/phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, carrier proteins, channel proteins, surface proteins
What do transport proteins (channel and carrier) do
Move ions, polar, and large molecules in and out of the cell (carrier proteins more specific)
What do glycoproteins do
Allow cells to stick together to form tissues/organs
What do glycolipids/glycoproteins do
Act as markers on cell surface, allow immune system to recognize the body’s “self” cells and not destroy them
What do receptor proteins do
Signaling molecules attach to it, receptor protein changes shape which causes change inside the cell (communications/ sending or receiving of signaling molecules)
What does cholesterol do
Regulates fluidity of cell membrane, keeps phospholipids spread out at low temperatures
What is negative feedback
Counterbalancing feedback that helps maintain stable internal environment by discouraging variations from a set point (emptying stomach, relaxing stomach wall by emptying food)
What is positive feedback
Reinforcing feedback the amplifies or speeds up a physiological response to active a particular outcome (giving birth, repeated cycle)
Differences between plant and animal cells
Animal calls have lysosomes and ribosomes while plant cells have a cell wall and specialized plastids, such as chloroplasts
Similarities between plant and animal cells
Both eukaryotic and have nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, and mitochondrion
What is the effect of enzymes on the activation energy of chemical reactions
Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction
What are anabolic reactions (matchmakers)
They connect substrates into a single product
What are catabolic reactions (gossipers)
They break a substrate apart
What is the balanced reaction of catalase with hydrogen peroxide
2 H2O2 ————————> 2 H2O O2
What were the results from the liver lab
Enzyme activity at different pH levels: pH affects catalase enzyme activity
Raw beef liver: quick/ big reaction, temperature increase
Are enzymes reusable: yes, but they wear out
Cooked beef liver: quick reaction, little bubbles, room temperature
Beef liver soaked in acid: nothing happened, room temperature, denatured by acid
Raw chicken liver: quick reaction, smaller amount of bubbles
What were the results from the liver lab test 6 (plant tissues)
Green pepper: slow and less bubbles, room temperature
Carrot: nothing really happened, few bubbles, room temperature
Green tomato: less bubbles, cold
Red tomato: a lot of bubbles, quicker reaction, cold but less so than green tomato
What affects enzymatic reactions and why
pH and temperature can increase or decrease enzyme activity and denature enzymes (hotter temp equals more activity)
How did the toothpickase lab simulate enzymatic reactions and how was the rate of the reaction affected
Baseline: the rate that enzymes work in ideal conditions, average/normal rate
Low substrate concentration: how fast enzymes work when the substrate is spread out, rate lowered slightly
Competitive inhibitor: shows how fast enzymes work with something interfering in their work, rate lowered a lot
High enzyme concentration: shows how fast multiple enzymes work, rate slightly increased
Partially denatured: shows the rate at which enzymes work when partially denatured, rate slightly decreased
Lowered temperature: shows how fast enzymes woke in colder conditions, rate very low
Completely denatured: shows that enzymes do not functions when fully denatured
How does competitive inhibition work
Competitive inhibitors disguise as an enzymes substrate preventing the substrates from binding to the active site and decreasing the reaction rate
What is mitosis
The process of making an identical copy of a somatic/body cell
What type of cells do you start with and produce in mitosis
Mitosis starts with diploid and produces haploid
How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis
It controls what leaves and enters the cell, if there is too much/little of something it can dispose of substances and let substances in
Centriole
Organizes cytoskeleton of cell and determines the location of organelles (mitosis)
Chromatid
One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated (mitosis)
How do you identify the point of isotonicity
Where the line crosses the x axis and the net change of the grapes mass is 0
How does the brain help maintain homeostasis
Temperature receptors, detects blood changes
How do the adrenal glands help maintain homeostasis
Adrenaline release, gives body kickstart, helps provide fuel
How do the muscles help maintain homeostasis
Help with physical activity, affects/changes balance
How does the heart help maintain homeostasis
Provides more blood, allows increased intake of oxygen
How do the lungs help maintain homeostasis
Provide oxygen
How does the liver help maintain homeostasis
Stores glucose, breaks down fat for energy
How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis
Regulate water loss
What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions
Water is moved out of the body and the cell shrivels up and dies (cell has low concentration)
What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions
The cell takes in water which causes it to expand until it bursts (cell has high concentration)
What is active transport
When substances move against the concentration gradient, requires energy (from low to high concentration)
What is passive transport
The movement of substances along the concentration gradient, does not require energy (from high to low)
