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Honors Living Earth Period 4 > Science Exam 11-7 > Flashcards

Science Exam 11-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What organelles do animal cells have

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion

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2
Q

What organelles do plant cells have

A

Vacuole, chloroplast, mitochondrion, cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cell wall

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Directs the work of the cell

Helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell (also how it maintains homeostasis)

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5
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Place where many chemical reactions happen

Helps maintain homeostasis by sensing quality/quantity of proteins as well as folding

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

Where proteins are made

Helps maintain homeostasis by having cellular conditions regulated by the proteins it creates

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Digests foods and gets rid of harmful particles

Helps maintain homeostasis by mobilizing energy stores

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages proteins

Helps maintain homeostasis by secreting proteins that perform functions such as inducing changes in gene expression

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9
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Produce energy (used for homeostasis)

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with sap, maintains pressure on cell wall

Helps maintain homeostasis by controlling cell volume, regulates cytoplasm, stores molecules, and manages toxic ions

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11
Q

Chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis happens

Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating lipid membranes, proteins, enzymes, and hormones

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports and protects the cell

Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating what enters/leaves cell

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13
Q

What was the the purpose of the glove experiment

A

To see how diffusion works

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14
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle

A

G0, G1, S (synthesis), G2, and M (mitosis)

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15
Q

What happens in G0

A

Resting phase, some cells never leave, enter it when conditions for cell division are not favorable

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16
Q

What happens in G1

A

First growth phase, cell increases in size and synthesizes new/more organelles

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17
Q

What happens in S

A

Cells DNA is replicated

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18
Q

What happens in G2

A

Cell continues to grow, produces proteins needed for cell division (centrides)

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19
Q

What happens in M

A

The cell splits by dividing the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

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20
Q

What happens to the rate of cell division that results in cancer

A

Cells continue to make copies and old/abnormal cells don’t die

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21
Q

What parts are in the cell membrane

A

Glycolipids, carb chains, glycoproteins, integrant proteins, receptors, receptor proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids/phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, carrier proteins, channel proteins, surface proteins

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22
Q

What do transport proteins (channel and carrier) do

A

Move ions, polar, and large molecules in and out of the cell (carrier proteins more specific)

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23
Q

What do glycoproteins do

A

Allow cells to stick together to form tissues/organs

24
Q

What do glycolipids/glycoproteins do

A

Act as markers on cell surface, allow immune system to recognize the body’s “self” cells and not destroy them

25
Q

What do receptor proteins do

A

Signaling molecules attach to it, receptor protein changes shape which causes change inside the cell (communications/ sending or receiving of signaling molecules)

26
Q

What does cholesterol do

A

Regulates fluidity of cell membrane, keeps phospholipids spread out at low temperatures

27
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Counterbalancing feedback that helps maintain stable internal environment by discouraging variations from a set point (emptying stomach, relaxing stomach wall by emptying food)

28
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Reinforcing feedback the amplifies or speeds up a physiological response to active a particular outcome (giving birth, repeated cycle)

29
Q

Differences between plant and animal cells

A

Animal calls have lysosomes and ribosomes while plant cells have a cell wall and specialized plastids, such as chloroplasts

30
Q

Similarities between plant and animal cells

A

Both eukaryotic and have nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, and mitochondrion

31
Q

What is the effect of enzymes on the activation energy of chemical reactions

A

Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

32
Q

What are anabolic reactions (matchmakers)

A

They connect substrates into a single product

33
Q

What are catabolic reactions (gossipers)

A

They break a substrate apart

34
Q

What is the balanced reaction of catalase with hydrogen peroxide

A

2 H2O2 ————————> 2 H2O O2

35
Q

What were the results from the liver lab

A

Enzyme activity at different pH levels: pH affects catalase enzyme activity

Raw beef liver: quick/ big reaction, temperature increase

Are enzymes reusable: yes, but they wear out

Cooked beef liver: quick reaction, little bubbles, room temperature

Beef liver soaked in acid: nothing happened, room temperature, denatured by acid

Raw chicken liver: quick reaction, smaller amount of bubbles

36
Q

What were the results from the liver lab test 6 (plant tissues)

A

Green pepper: slow and less bubbles, room temperature

Carrot: nothing really happened, few bubbles, room temperature

Green tomato: less bubbles, cold

Red tomato: a lot of bubbles, quicker reaction, cold but less so than green tomato

37
Q

What affects enzymatic reactions and why

A

pH and temperature can increase or decrease enzyme activity and denature enzymes (hotter temp equals more activity)

38
Q

How did the toothpickase lab simulate enzymatic reactions and how was the rate of the reaction affected

A

Baseline: the rate that enzymes work in ideal conditions, average/normal rate

Low substrate concentration: how fast enzymes work when the substrate is spread out, rate lowered slightly

Competitive inhibitor: shows how fast enzymes work with something interfering in their work, rate lowered a lot

High enzyme concentration: shows how fast multiple enzymes work, rate slightly increased

Partially denatured: shows the rate at which enzymes work when partially denatured, rate slightly decreased

Lowered temperature: shows how fast enzymes woke in colder conditions, rate very low

Completely denatured: shows that enzymes do not functions when fully denatured

39
Q

How does competitive inhibition work

A

Competitive inhibitors disguise as an enzymes substrate preventing the substrates from binding to the active site and decreasing the reaction rate

40
Q

What is mitosis

A

The process of making an identical copy of a somatic/body cell

41
Q

What type of cells do you start with and produce in mitosis

A

Mitosis starts with diploid and produces haploid

42
Q

How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis

A

It controls what leaves and enters the cell, if there is too much/little of something it can dispose of substances and let substances in

43
Q

Centriole

A

Organizes cytoskeleton of cell and determines the location of organelles (mitosis)

44
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated (mitosis)

45
Q

How do you identify the point of isotonicity

A

Where the line crosses the x axis and the net change of the grapes mass is 0

46
Q

How does the brain help maintain homeostasis

A

Temperature receptors, detects blood changes

47
Q

How do the adrenal glands help maintain homeostasis

A

Adrenaline release, gives body kickstart, helps provide fuel

48
Q

How do the muscles help maintain homeostasis

A

Help with physical activity, affects/changes balance

49
Q

How does the heart help maintain homeostasis

A

Provides more blood, allows increased intake of oxygen

50
Q

How do the lungs help maintain homeostasis

A

Provide oxygen

51
Q

How does the liver help maintain homeostasis

A

Stores glucose, breaks down fat for energy

52
Q

How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis

A

Regulate water loss

53
Q

What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions

A

Water is moved out of the body and the cell shrivels up and dies (cell has low concentration)

54
Q

What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions

A

The cell takes in water which causes it to expand until it bursts (cell has high concentration)

55
Q

What is active transport

A

When substances move against the concentration gradient, requires energy (from low to high concentration)

56
Q

What is passive transport

A

The movement of substances along the concentration gradient, does not require energy (from high to low)

Honors Living Earth Period 4 (19 decks)

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