Sciece Exam 😩

Question 1

Genotype

Answer 1

Genetic constitution of something

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

Traits or physical appearance

Question 3

Allele

Answer 3

Different versions of a gene in a population

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

Unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring

Question 5

Heterozygous

Answer 5

One dominant and one recessive allele (Bb)

Question 6

Homozygous dominant

Answer 6

Two dominant alleles (BB)

Question 7

Homozygous recessive

Answer 7

Two recessive alleles (bb)

Question 8

Homologous pairs

Answer 8

Two chromosomes, one from each parent, that form a pair of

Question 9

What are two examples of how environment influences phenotype

Answer 9

1. Siamese kittens born white, dark coloration in cooler areas over time (color pointing)
2. Hydrangea flowers change color in different soils (blue in acidic, pink in basic/neutral)

Question 10

What are karyotypes

Answer 10

A complete set of chromosome that can be used to determine if a persons chromosomal make up is normal or abnormal

Question 11

How is meiosis different from mitosis

Answer 11

Mitosis—produces 2 identical cells with same number of chromosomes, one diploid cell into two diploid cells, all body/somatic cells except gametes
Meiosis—produces 4 unique cells with 1/2 of the chromosomes of original cell, one diploid cell into four haploid cells, gametes, sex cells, pollen, etc

Question 12

What is meiosis

Answer 12

Cell division process of gametes and sex cells that produces four unique haploid cells

Question 13

What are the steps of meiosis

Answer 13

1. Start with one chromosome from mom and one from dad (a chromosome pair)
2. Chromosome duplicate (DNA doubles)
3. Chromosomes line up
4. Chromosomes split
5. Pairs split apart again, each haploid cell has 1/2 original DNA, gametes form

Question 14

What are haploid cells

Answer 14

Contains one copy of each chromosome

Question 15

Diploid

Answer 15

Contains two copies of each chromosome

Question 16

Why is meiosis important in reproduction/long term survival of species

Answer 16

Sexual reproduction produces more variation in a population which can help the species adapt and ensure a better change of survival

Question 17

What is the formation of sperm called

Answer 17

Spermatogenesis

Question 18

What is the formation of eggs called

Answer 18

Oogenesis

Question 19

Pollen

Answer 19

Contains male reproductive cells

Question 20

Anther

Answer 20

Produces pollen

Question 21

Filament

Answer 21

Stem like, holds anther on top

Question 22

Stamen

Answer 22

Filament and anther

Question 23

Ovary

Answer 23

Holds eggs

Question 24

Ovules

Answer 24

Produce egg cells

Question 25

Style

Answer 25

Extension of ovary

Question 26

Stigma

Answer 26

Tip of style, pollen must land here for reproduction to occur

Question 27

Pollen tube

Answer 27

forms when pollen meets stigma, pollen tube enters ovary and fertilizes egg in ovule

Question 28

Pistil

Answer 28

Ovary, style, stigma, and ovules

Question 29

Incomplete dominance

Answer 29

The action of one allele does not completely mask the action of another, traits are mixed together (red flower + white flower = pink flower)

Question 30

Codominance

Answer 30

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype/are equally expressed, not mixed (roan cow = red and white fur)

Question 31

Simple/complete dominance

Answer 31

One allele exerts greater influence over the other

Question 32

Multiple alleles

Answer 32

When there are more than two alleles for a gene in a population

Question 33

Pleiotrophy

Answer 33

When one gene affects multiple traits

Question 34

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 34

When a trait is controlled by the interaction of multiple alleles

Question 35

Lethal alleles

Answer 35

An allele that results in the death of an individual that carries it

Question 36

Mendelian traits

Answer 36

Traits that follow Mandels rules (segregation, independent assortment, dominance)

Question 37

Non Mendelian traits

Answer 37

Traits that don’t follow mendels laws (codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, etc)

Question 38

How can you tell if a trait on a pedigree is dominant

Answer 38

One parent must have the trait, usually don’t skip a generation,

Question 39

How can you tell if a trait on a pedigree is recessive

Answer 39

Parents don’t have to show it, can skip generations

Question 40

How can you tell if a trait on a pedigree is autosomal

Answer 40

Males and females have it in roughly equal proportions, male to male transmission

Question 41

How can you tell if a trait in a pedigree is sex linked

Answer 41

Less gender equality between who gets it, more affected malea

Question 42

Polygenic traits

Answer 42

Trait that is influenced by two or more genes

Question 43

Epistasis

Answer 43

When one allele eliminates the expression of another, substituting it’s own phenotype