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Honors Living Earth Period 4 > Sciece Exam 😩 > Flashcards

Sciece Exam 😩 Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic constitution of something

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

Traits or physical appearance

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3
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of a gene in a population

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4
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

One dominant and one recessive allele (Bb)

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6
Q

Homozygous dominant

A

Two dominant alleles (BB)

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7
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

Two recessive alleles (bb)

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8
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Two chromosomes, one from each parent, that form a pair of

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9
Q

What are two examples of how environment influences phenotype

A
  1. Siamese kittens born white, dark coloration in cooler areas over time (color pointing)
  2. Hydrangea flowers change color in different soils (blue in acidic, pink in basic/neutral)
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10
Q

What are karyotypes

A

A complete set of chromosome that can be used to determine if a persons chromosomal make up is normal or abnormal

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11
Q

How is meiosis different from mitosis

A

Mitosis—produces 2 identical cells with same number of chromosomes, one diploid cell into two diploid cells, all body/somatic cells except gametes
Meiosis—produces 4 unique cells with 1/2 of the chromosomes of original cell, one diploid cell into four haploid cells, gametes, sex cells, pollen, etc

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12
Q

What is meiosis

A

Cell division process of gametes and sex cells that produces four unique haploid cells

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13
Q

What are the steps of meiosis

A
  1. Start with one chromosome from mom and one from dad (a chromosome pair)
  2. Chromosome duplicate (DNA doubles)
  3. Chromosomes line up
  4. Chromosomes split
  5. Pairs split apart again, each haploid cell has 1/2 original DNA, gametes form
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14
Q

What are haploid cells

A

Contains one copy of each chromosome

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15
Q

Diploid

A

Contains two copies of each chromosome

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16
Q

Why is meiosis important in reproduction/long term survival of species

A

Sexual reproduction produces more variation in a population which can help the species adapt and ensure a better change of survival

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17
Q

What is the formation of sperm called

A

Spermatogenesis

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18
Q

What is the formation of eggs called

A

Oogenesis

19
Q

Pollen

A

Contains male reproductive cells

20
Q

Anther

A

Produces pollen

21
Q

Filament

A

Stem like, holds anther on top

22
Q

Stamen

A

Filament and anther

23
Q

Ovary

A

Holds eggs

24
Q

Ovules

A

Produce egg cells

25
Q

Style

A

Extension of ovary

26
Q

Stigma

A

Tip of style, pollen must land here for reproduction to occur

27
Q

Pollen tube

A

forms when pollen meets stigma, pollen tube enters ovary and fertilizes egg in ovule

28
Q

Pistil

A

Ovary, style, stigma, and ovules

29
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The action of one allele does not completely mask the action of another, traits are mixed together (red flower + white flower = pink flower)

30
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype/are equally expressed, not mixed (roan cow = red and white fur)

31
Q

Simple/complete dominance

A

One allele exerts greater influence over the other

32
Q

Multiple alleles

A

When there are more than two alleles for a gene in a population

33
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

When one gene affects multiple traits

34
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

When a trait is controlled by the interaction of multiple alleles

35
Q

Lethal alleles

A

An allele that results in the death of an individual that carries it

36
Q

Mendelian traits

A

Traits that follow Mandels rules (segregation, independent assortment, dominance)

37
Q

Non Mendelian traits

A

Traits that don’t follow mendels laws (codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, etc)

38
Q

How can you tell if a trait on a pedigree is dominant

A

One parent must have the trait, usually don’t skip a generation,

39
Q

How can you tell if a trait on a pedigree is recessive

A

Parents don’t have to show it, can skip generations

40
Q

How can you tell if a trait on a pedigree is autosomal

A

Males and females have it in roughly equal proportions, male to male transmission

41
Q

How can you tell if a trait in a pedigree is sex linked

A

Less gender equality between who gets it, more affected malea

42
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Trait that is influenced by two or more genes

43
Q

Epistasis

A

When one allele eliminates the expression of another, substituting it’s own phenotype

Honors Living Earth Period 4 (19 decks)

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