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Honors Living Earth Period 4 > Science Exam Poo > Flashcards

Science Exam Poo Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up a nucleotide

A

A nitrogenous base, a sugar (ribose or deixyribose), and a phosphate group

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2
Q

What is chargoffs rule

A

The total number of purines (A and G) is equal to the total number of pyrimidines

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3
Q

What did meischer do

A

First person to observe DNA, broke down nuclei of wbc and found grey substance called nuclein

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4
Q

What did Levene do

A

Discovered what nucleotides are made of and made DNA model formed of polynucleotide chains

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5
Q

What did chargoff do

A

Discovered that there is the same number of purines as pyrimidines

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6
Q

What did Franklin do

A

Produced first image of DNA using x-ray crystallography to show DNAs diffraction pattern

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7
Q

What did Watson and crick do

A

Researching DNAs 3D shape, stole Franklin’s image and published a paper about the double helix, awarded Nobel prize

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8
Q

What enzymes are involved in DNA replication

A

Helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, ligase

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9
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips DNA

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10
Q

Primase

A

Lays down primer so DNA polymerase III can build nucleotides

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11
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Adds nucleotides to create new DNA strand

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12
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Replaces RNA primers with nucleotides

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13
Q

Ligase

A

Repairs breaks in sugar-phosphate backbone

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14
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

DNA fragments that are not fully attached to the strand

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15
Q

Transcription

A

Happens in nucleus, Helicase unzips DNA, RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter and adds complementary mRNA nucleotides, mRNA leaves through nuclear pore

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16
Q

Translation

A

Happens in cytoplasm, mRNA attaches to ribosome, ribosome lines up complementary tRNA molecules (tRNA anticodons must match mRNA codons), amino acids form peptide bonds and build a polypeptide strand, tRNA detach from amino acids and leave to pick up more

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17
Q

What is the start codon and what does it do

A

AUG, Signals when to begin translation

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18
Q

What are the stop codons and what do they do

A

UGA, UAA, and UAG, Signal when to stop translation

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19
Q

Antiparrallel

A

The DNA strands run in opposite directions parallel to each other

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20
Q

What are the types of chromosomal mutations

A

Duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation

21
Q

Duplication (C)

A

Extra copy of genes are added to chromosome

22
Q

Deletion (C)

A

A piece id the chromosome breaks off and is lost

23
Q

Inversion (C)

A

A Segment of the chromosome gets reversed

24
Q

Translocation (C)

A

A piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

25
Q

What is a frame shift mutation

A

Shifts the “reading frame” of mRNA codons forwards or backwards changing the amino acid sequence (insertion/deletion)

26
Q

What is substitution/point mutation

A

When one nucleotides base is substituted for another

27
Q

What is insertion

A

When one or more bases are inserted into the DNA making the strand longer

28
Q

What is deletion

A

When one or more bases are deleted from the DNA making the strand shorter

29
Q

Difference between frame shift mutations and point mutations

A

Frameshift: adds or subtracts bases, effects everything after the mutation point

Point: changes one base, only effects where base is changed

30
Q

Silent mutation

A

Has no effect on amino acid coded for since many amino acids are coded for by many codons

31
Q

Missense mutation

A

Causes codon to code for different amino acid than original

32
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Causes a stop codon that terminates translation early and often results in nonfunctional protein

33
Q

How can mutation produce variation in a population and what does that mean

A

Mutations can give people different traits, looks, etc, mutations/alleles make everyone unique

34
Q

What is one positive example of a mutation

A

HbAS, a mutation that causes both normal and sickled cells, provides resistance to malaria

35
Q

What is one negative example of a mutation

A

HbSS mutation causes sickled RBCs, resulting in sickle cell disease

36
Q

Leading strand vs lagging strand

A

Leading: built continuously, 5’ to 3’

Lagging: built in Okazaki fragments, 3’ to 5’

37
Q

What is something that causes a mutation called

A

Mutagen

38
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotes

A

The nucleus

39
Q

When does DNA replication occur

A

Interphase

40
Q

Almost all errors that are detected are fixed by

A

DNA polymerase

41
Q

What organelle helps form proteins

A

Ribosome

42
Q

What are the types of RNA

A

Transfer, Messenger, ribosomal

43
Q

tRNA

A

Brings amino acids to ribosome

44
Q

rRNA

A

Makes up ribosome, helps bind amino acids

45
Q

What is another name for a polypeptide

A

Protein

46
Q

What part of a DNA molecule Ike is referred to as the code

A

Nucleotides

47
Q

Insertion/deletion changes…

A

The protein produces by the gene

48
Q

What binds are formed between base pairs

A

Hydrogen

Honors Living Earth Period 4 (19 decks)

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