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Honors Living Earth Period 4 > Science Exam 😒 > Flashcards

Science Exam 😒 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five conditions for hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

No types of selection, no mutation, no migration, large population, and random mating

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2
Q

What are the HW equations

A

p+q=1 and p^2 +2pq+q^2=1

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3
Q

What is p

A

Frequency of the dominant allele in the population

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4
Q

What is q

A

Frequency of the recessive allele in the population

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5
Q

What is p^2

A

Percentage of homozygous dominant individuals

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6
Q

What is q^2

A

Percentage of homozygous recessive individuals

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7
Q

What is 2pq

A

Percentage of heterozygous individuals

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8
Q

Cladistics

A

Method of classifying animals and plants according to the measurable characteristics they have in common

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9
Q

Clade

A

A group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

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10
Q

Node

A

Point where cladogram branches off, a hypothetical ancestor

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11
Q

Root

A

Starting point of cladogram or the initial common ancestor

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12
Q

Sister group/taxa

A

Parts of a cladogram that branch off from a common node and are often considered closely related to

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13
Q

Branch

A

Lines of a cladogram

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14
Q

Derived characters

A

A trait/character that a species evolved to have and was passed on to its descendants

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15
Q

Most recent common ancestor

A

Most recent individual that all the organisms in the set are descended from

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16
Q

Outgroup taxa

A

A taxa outside the group

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17
Q

How to build a cladogram

A

Make a chart of organisms and traits, count how many traits the organisms have and how many times that trait occurs, graph lowest scoring taxon first and highest scoring trait first

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18
Q

How do homologous structures provide evidence for evolution

A

They indicate that species shared a common ancestor

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19
Q

How do vestigial structures provide evidence for evolution

A

Ancestors had the structures that served a purpose, but evolved them away because of natural selection

20
Q

How do analogous structures provide evidence for evolution

A

Shows that animals evolved separately to have similar traits

21
Q

How do fossils provide evidence for evolution

A

Fossil record and transitional forms can show how a species evolved and changes over time

22
Q

How does embryonic development show evidence for evolution

A

Structures of development can be compared and give information about evolutionary relationships, species with similar development patterns are more closely related

23
Q

How does direct observation provide evidence for evolution

A

Selection pressure and beneficial mutations and sometimes make evolution observable, eg rats mutated to have poison resistance

24
Q

How does biogeography provide evidence for evolution

A

Unique specie in smaller/isolated show it has occurred, more closely related species are often found in the same geographical area which supports evolutions from a common ancestor

25
Q

How does molecular evidence provide evidence for evolution

A

the presence of DNA in all living organisms suggests that we all evolved from a single common ancestor, genes between species can be compared to see how closely related they are

26
Q

What is speciation

A

The process of forming a new species

27
Q

What are prezygotic barriers

A

Barriers that occur before zygote formation

28
Q

What are postzygotic barriers

A

Barriers that occur after zygote formation

29
Q

What is allopathic speciation

A

When a species becomes geographically isolated and the populations evolve into two different species

30
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

When species evolves into two different species without isolstion

31
Q

How can group behaviors help species survive

A

Protect from physical factors and predation, help get more food, more accuracy when migrating

32
Q

What are some examples of group behaviors

A

Defensive behaviors, cooperative food gathering, group hunting, moving as a group

33
Q

Group defensive bahviors

A

When a group of animals cooperates to defend against predators, this helps improve chances of survival, eg oxen form a defensive circle, protecting young and increasing chance of survival

34
Q

Group hunting

A

When a group of animals work together to hunt other animals or groups, improves chances of success, eg when a pack of wolves hunts together

35
Q

Cooperative food gathering

A

Ore efficient, increase chance of finding food/catching prey, eg dolphins cause fish to leap out of water, making them easier to catch

36
Q

Moving as a group

A

Helps with migration by finding a more accurate direction, some larger groups can reduce travel time, eg migratory birds or other mammals

37
Q

Parasitism

A

When a parasite exploits the resources of its host for its own benefit, harming the host

38
Q

Mutualism

A

An intimate association between two species that benefits both

39
Q

Commensalism

A

An association between two species in which the commensal benefits and other is unaffected

40
Q

Competition

A

When species compete for the same resources, often food, which are dominated by the largest and most aggressive species

41
Q

Predation

A

When one species kills and eats another

42
Q

Amensalism

A

In which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected

43
Q

Herbivory

A

When an animal feeds off of a plant

44
Q

Antibiosis

A

When one organism produces substances that harm another organism

45
Q

How do adaptations allow species to survive

A

Adaptation can make a species more suited for its environment and provide advantages to the species, which helps it survive

46
Q

How is adaptation evidence of evolution

A

Adaptations show how a species can change over time and can lead to evolution

47
Q

What are a few examples of adaptation

A
  1. Rattlesnakes on Catalina island adapted to become more aggressive and develop a new social language and behavior to let larger animals know they are on the ground near them so they don’t get trampled
  2. Birds on the Galapagos evolved to have beak shapes suited for the food sources on their islands

Honors Living Earth Period 4 (19 decks)

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