Science Exam 9-22 Flashcards
What are three types of bias
Measurement, selection, and confirmation
What is measurement bias and how is it avoided
A systematic error that arises because of how data is collected
Make sure that instruments and methods are accurate
What is selection bias and how is it avoided
A systematic error that arises when a sample does not represent the target population
Random sampling
What is confirmation bias and how is it avoided
A systematic error that arises when we select evidence to support our hypothesis
Acknowledge other explanations for the result and seek evidence that goes against the hypothesis
Why is peer review important
-sharing ideas
-improves accuracy/quality
-allows for collaboration
What are the taxa in order
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What are the three domains
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
What are the characteristics of the domain bacteria
Unicellular, no nucleus or organelles, has cell wall, can be helpful or harmful
What are the characteristics of the domain archaea
Unicellular, no nucleus or organelles, has cell wall, can live under extreme conditions
What are the characteristics of the domain eukarya
Unicellular or multicellular, have nucleus
What are the six kingdoms
Bacteria, archaea, animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista
What are the characteristics of the kingdom animalia
Multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls
What are the characteristics of the kingdom plantae
Multicellular, autotrophic, cell walls made of cellulose
What are the characteristics of the kingdom fungi
Mostly multicellular, heterotrophic, cell walls made of chitin
What are the characteristics of the kingdom protista
Mostly unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic, some have cell wall
What is the nucleus in an atom made of
Protons and neutrons
What are protons
Positively charged particles
What are neutrons
Neutrally charged particles
What are electrons
Negatively charged particles
What are the rings orbiting the atom’s nucleus called
Electron shells
What are atoms
The smallest part of and element that make up all living things
What are compounds
Two or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded
What are mixtures
A mix of two ore more types of atoms that are not chemically bonded
What are covalent bonds
When two nonmetals share a pair of valence electrons
What are ionic bonds
When electrons are transferred from metal atoms to nonmetal atoms
What is the function of carbohydrates
They store and release energy
What is the the function of lipids
Serve as long term energy storage and they make up cell membrane
What is the function of nucleic acids
Store genetic information, controls cell activities, important to protein synthesis
What is the function of proteins
Help digestion, movement, regulate organ functions, defend body, build structures, store food
What are good sources of carbs
Fruits, vegetables, bread, rice
What is a good source of lipids
Oils and fats (peanuts, corn, olive, soy)
What is a good source of nucleic acids
Meat, fish, mushrooms
What is a good source of protein
Eggs, meat, yogurt
What are the monomers of carbs
Monosaccharides
What bonds form between monosaccharides
Glycosidic
What are the monomers of lipids
Triglycerides
What bonds from between triglycerides
Ester bonds
What are the monomers of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
What bonds form between nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
What are the monomers of proteins
Amino acids
What bond form between amino acids
Peptide bonds
What elements do carbs have
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
What elements do lipids have
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
What elements do proteins have
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
What elements do nucleic acids have
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
What molecules are carbs
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, and polysaccharides
What molecules are lipids
Triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, saturated fat, unsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat
What molecules are proteins
Dipeptides, tripeptides, and polypeptides
What molecules are nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
How do we test for starch
2-4 drops of iodine
How do we test for protein
10 drops of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) and CuSO (upper sulfate)
How do we test for simple sugar
20 drops of Benedict’s solution, then boil in water
How do we test for lipids
Place drop of sample on paper, wait for 30 min, hold paper to light source to observe transparency
What do positive and negative tests for starch look like
Dark purple/black for positive, no color change/brown for negative
What do positive and negative tests look like for protein
Purple for positive, no color change/light blue for nagative
What do positive and negative tests look like for simple sugar
Orange, green, or red for positive, no color change/blue for negative
What do positive and negative tests look like for lipids
Transparent for positive, not transparent for negative
What causes protein folding
The attraction between R-groups
What is denaturation
When a polypeptide undergoes a changed shape which compromises its function
What can lead to denaturation
When it too cold, a protein partially denatures? While when it is too hot, a protein fully denatures
What are the properties of water
Polarity, cohesion, adhesion, density, solvency, latent heat of vaporization, and specific heat capacity
