Science Trimester 1 Flashcards
Back when Earth started, it’s gaseous atmosphere lacked _____ _____
free oxygen
organism:
any living thing
As human males go through development, like beard growing, this is an example of ________
development
scientific law:
a statement about something in nature that has been seen to be consistently true
spontaneous generation:
the theory that living things can come only from non-living things
biogenesis:
the belief that living things came from nonliving things
______ ______ is used to solve problems in science
scientific method
what theory replaced spontaneous generations?
biogenesis
the smallest unit of life that carries all functions is?
a cell
when a cow eats grass, what is he doing scientifically?
taking in energy
control:
the standard used to compare with the outcome of an experiment
phylogeny:
the evolutionary history of an organism
living things respond to a _____
stimulus
scientific hypothesis:
a statement written as a prediction that can be tested, but may not have been observed yet
who developed bionomial nomenclature?
Linnaeus
the first and largest category in the classification system of organisms is:
kingdom
Steps for scientific method: (List)
State the problem Gather information Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Analyze Data Make Conclusions Report Results
homeostasis:
maintaining the proper conditions inside the organism
scientific theory:
an explanation of things or events based on knowledge
List Earth’s early gases:
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Methane
Water Vapor
smallest categoration classification:
species
scientific names are used to…
avoid mistakes and be descriptive
variable:
something that can change
eukaryotic cells:
cells contain membrane bound internal structures
prokaryotic cells:
cells lacking membrane bound internal structures
what is the outer covering of a cell?
cell membrane
cells are composed of ______
cellulose
what gives a cell it’s shape?
a cell wall
cytoplasm:
a gelatin-like substance inside a cell membrane
cytoskeleton:
scaffolding like structure in cytoplasm which helps cell keep it’s shape
nucleus:
contains instructions for everything cell does even dna
ribosomes:
things that make proteins for cell activity
green organelles in plant cells contain ________ to make food
chloroplasts
tissue:
a group of similar cells working together
golgi bodies:
move substances out of a cell or to other parts of a cell
vacuoles:
membrane-bound temporary storage spaces
lysosomes:
break down food molecules
the cell theory(3):
the basic unit of life is a cell
all organisms are composed of 1+ cells
new cells form old cells through division
virus:
a nonliving strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating
viruses can make copies of themselves by living in a ____ ___
host cell
active virus:
a virus that make the host cell produce new viruses, killing the host cell
dormant virus:
a virus that hides in the host cell w/o destroying it
viruses are often carried through the ___
air
to start a viral infection, the virus and host cell must…
fit together exactly
What type of cells do plants have?
eukaryotic
central nervous system:
a system in an organ system with the brain being a very important organ
______ is found in chloroplasts
chlorophyll
mitochondria:
the powerhouse of a cell; releases energy stored in food
the central vacuole can store what?
water in a plant
the rough endoplasmic reticulum is:
an organelle
the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood make up your ________ system
cardiovascular
a plant cell has a ____ shape
squarish
an animal cell has a _____ shape
circular
everything around us is made of ______ and ______
matter and energy
matter:
anything that has mass and takes up space
what is matter made of?
atoms
energy can hold ____ or break it apart
matter
what does a nucleus contain?
protons and neutrons
elements are made of how many kinds of atoms?
1
Compound:
a molecular and iconic structure made of 2+ elements in exact proportions
what is the smallest part of a molecular compound?
a molecule
Molecules form when atoms share ______
electrons
Ion:
an electrically charged atom
Ions of ____ charges attract one another to form electricity
opposite
Mixture:
combination of substances in which individual substances keep their properties
Solution:
when one substance is mixed uniformly throughout another substance, and remains uniformly mixed
Suspension:
forms when a liquid or gas has another substance evenly spread like salad dressing
Organic Compounds:
compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen
Lipids:
store and release large amounts of energy
Proteins:
the building blocks of many structures
to find the atomic number for a substance, what do you use?
Periodic Table of Elements
Compounds without carbon are…
inorganic
electrons give off a _____ charge
negative
protons give off a _______ charge
positive
neutrons give off _____ _____
no charge
Enzymes:
the proteins that regulate the rate if chemical reactions in cells, typically speeding up the reactions
amino acids:
the small molecules making up proteins
plants use _______ to produce food
photosynthesis
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are _______ compounds
inorganic
diffusion stops when ________ is reached
equilibrium
metabolism:
the total chemical reactions in an organism
excotysosis:
when materials are released out of a cell
endocytosis:
when materials are wrapped by the cell membrane
genetic material is composed of _____ _____
nucleic acids
cell membranes are _____ permeable
selectively
passive transport:
the movement of materials without energy
diffusion of water via a cell membrane is…
osmosis
photosynthesis’ source is:
the sun
active transport:
using energy to bring large particles into a cell that cannot pass through the cell membrane
cellular respiration is completed in the ____________
mitochondria
_______ are a byproduct of fermentation
carbohydrates (food)
during endocytosis, a vesicle is formed from a piece of…
cell membrane
what type of transport is exocytosis?
passive
respiration uses ______
oxygen
yeast makes bread rise due to _______ ________ in fermentation
carbon dioxide
what does photosynthesis produce?
Carbon dioxide and sugar
what does respiration produce?
water and oxygen (used in Photosynthesis)
a positive ion is an ion that has lost ___ electron
one
mitosis:
process in which nucleus divide to form 2 nuclei
chromosome:
structure in the nucleus that contains hereditary material
Prophase:
when pairs of chromosomes become visible
PMAT: (pairs, middle, apart, two)
Pro, Meta, Ano, and Telo Phase
Metaphase:
pairs of chromatids separate
Anaphase:
when each centromere divides and pairs of chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cell
in plant cells, during division of the cytoplasm, what forms?
a cell plate
in animal cells, the cell membrane does what in division of the cytoplasm?
the cell membrane pinches in the middle and the cytoplasm divides
Each of our cells in our body, except sex cells has a nucleus with chromosomes
46
mitosis allows:
growth and replaces worn out or damaged cells
asexual reproduction:
a new organism formed from one parent
binary fission:
when an organism with no nucleus dividing into two identical organisms
budding:
a small, exact copy of the adult grows from the body of the parent
regeneration:
a whole new organism grows from each piece of the parent
sexual reproduction:
two sex cells, egg and sperm come together
fertilization:
the joining of an egg and sperm
sperm is formed in the ___
eggs in the ______
male, female
what cell forms during fertilization?
zygote
haploid:
what human sex cells are, because they have 23 single chromosomes
diploid:
what human body cells are, because they have 23 pairs of similar chromosomes
meiosis:
a process that produces haploid sex cells and ensures offspring have the same diploid as it’s parent
what happens in meiosis I?
the nucleus divides and produces two new cells with one duplicated chromosome
what happens in meiosis II?
the nuclei divides and chromatids separate, producing four cells with half the number of chromosomes of the original nucleus
DNA stands for:
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA:
a chemical that contains information that an organism needs to grow and function
who made a DNA model in 1953?
Watson and Crick
what is DNA’s structure?
a twisted ladder
what are DNA rungs made of?
nitrogen bases
what are DNA sides made of?
sugar-phosphate molecules
Before a cell divides, the DNA duplicates by…
unwinding and separating it’s sides, then each side becoming a pattern on which a new side forms
gene:
sections of DNA on a chromosome
mutation:
any permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism
RNA:
code carrier for making proteins that directs the order in which amino acids bond
heredity:
the passing of traits from parent to
alleles:
the different forms of a trait that a gene may have
Gregor Mendel was known as…
the father of genetics
hybrid:
receives different genetic information for a trait
dominant allele ____ up the recessive one, which is behind
covers
genotype:
the genetic makeup of an organism
homozygous:
an organism with two alleles that are the same
heterozygous:
an organism with two alleles that are different
phenotype:
the way an organism looks as a result of it’s genotype
bacteria:
microscopic organisms
binomial nomenclature:
a system used by modern scientists to name organisms
cellular respiration:
cellular reaction that breaks down food molecules into simpler substances, with the need of enzymes
chloroplast:
pigments found in plant cells
classification:
organism organization into 6 kingdoms
color-blindness:
a sex-linked disorder common in boys
compound light microscope:
commonly used microscope with eyepiece and objective lenses
dichotomous key:
tool used to identify organisms; detailed list of organisms
diffusion:
where particles move to an area where less of them are
electron microscope:
an SEM sweeps a beam over the specimen causing light to be emitted
fermentation:
a replacement of cellular respiration to release glucose molecules
genetics:
the study of how traits are passed on
genus:
a rank used in animal classification
water:
made of hydrogen and oxygen, most important to most organisms
interphase:
the resting phase between meiosis
incomplete dominance:
when the offspring of two homozygous parents show an intermediate phenotype
inorganic compound:
An inorganic compound is a compound that is considered not “organic”
polygenic inheritance:
when a group of gene pairs act to make a trait
kilometer:
1000 meters
SI Units:
meters
kilograms
seconds
vaccine:
used to prevent diseases; they are made from weakened virus particles
selectively permeable:
A selectively permeable cell membrane is one that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport
latent virus:
an inactive stage of a virus
liter:
an SI unit
gram:
mass measurement
organelle:
structures within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
organ system:
a group of organs working together to do something
human sex cells:
very low quantity cells with 23 chromosomes
the 2 divisions of the nucleus result in _ sex cells
4
sex-linked gene:
an allele on a sex chromosome
sex-linked disorder:
some conditions that result from inheriting a sex-linked gene
human blood phenotypes:
the blood types, ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘O’ which AB are dominant over O
human blood genotypes:
someone with O type must have OO
Punnett Square:
a tool used to predict genetics
pure breeding:
organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits
response:
the reaction to a stimulus
molecular compound:
a compound formed when atoms share their counterparts
nucleic acids:
large organic molecules that store important coded information in cells
homo sapien:
the only existing human form today (us)
Telophase:
when a cell completes mitosis and splits into 2
