Science Sec 3 - Chap 1 Flashcards
Jeopardy!
Flexible barrier that surrounds the cell content, allowing the cell to interact with its environment.
The cell membrane
Jeopardy!
These organelles break down engulfed pathogens, nutrient molecules, and components of the cell itself that are no longer functional (aka: trash).
What are lysosomes?
Jeopardy
This cellular component visible under the microscope protects the interior of the cell from its environment. It also limits the movement of specific materials into and out of the cell.
What is the cellular membrane?
jeopardy
These organelles are involved in cellular metabolism, specifically the production of energy via aerobic respiration.
What are mitochondria?
define
cytosol
The fluid contained within a cell.
In contrast, the cytoplasm includes both the intracellular fluid and all of the extranuclear organelles.
Jeopardy
This cell component visible under the microscope includes both the cytosol and the organelles*.
*except the nucleus
What is the cytoplasm?
Jeopardy
In animal cells, this organelle serves as the location for DNA in its chromatin form.
What is the nucleous?
Jeopardy!
Organelle composed of two subunits where protein are synthesized.
What is the ribosome?
Jeopardy
This molecule controls all cell activity.
What is DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
Jeopardy
The organelle stores material produced by the cell and transports it to the cell membrane and outside the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus
Jeopardy
THis organelle transports material from one part of the cell to another.
What is the Endoplasmic reticulum
Name this organelle
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Jeopardy
These organelles are tge cellular machinery responsible for making proteins
What are Ribosome?
Name this organelle
Ribosome
Identify
Contains all organelles and many other dissolved substances.
Cytosol
Identify this organelle
This environment is hospitable for most cell activities.
Cytoplasm
Identify 3 roles of…
The cell membrane
1)Forms a barrier and protects cell.
2)Let’s stuff in: Lets nutrients and other materials get absorbed.
3)Let’s stuff out: Helps waste leave the cell.
There are channels all over the membrane that control the substances “ins and outs”.
Identify this organelle:
Digest certain nutrients and decompose and recycle various materials.
Lysosomes
Tip: Think of the lysosomes as the “Ecocentre” of the cell.
Identify this organelle:
Produces energy through cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
Identify:
Molecule that controls all cell activities
DNA
Identify:
What parts of a cell can you see under a microscope?
There are 3 parts
1)The cell membrane
2)The Nucleus
3)Cytoplasm
…honestly tho, it depends on the microscope you use, the way the cell
Fiil in the blanks:
____ (1)is a molecule that is shaped like a ____(2) and is located in the ____(3).
1)DNA
2)double helix
3)nucleus
Fill in the blank:
DNA molecules are made up of 2 long chains linked by pairs of tiny molecules called ____
Bases
Also: nitrogen bases
Name the 4 nitrogen bases that bridge the 2 DNA strands (aka “the rungs”).
1)Adenine
2)Thymine
3)Cytosine
4)Guanine
DNA looks like a ladder with millions of rungs (bars forming a step ladder). What is making up the rungs?
The following base pairs:
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine- Cytosine
Fill in the blanks:
A ____(1)is a complete set of genetic information of an individual or species. It includes all the ____(2)
1)Genome
2)base-pairs sequencing
Identify:
Segment of DNA that contains genetic information necessary to carry out a particular job (ex: digesting, making harir grow, repairing wounds…)
Genes
A gene is a segment of DNA that contain the blueprint for a specific pro
Fill in the blank
The human genome has around ____
25000 genes
Fill in the blanks:
____is the variety of different genetic combinations amoung members of the same ____
1)Genetic diversity
2)species
True or false:
No two people possess the same genetic information
False
Identical twins possess the same genetic information.
True or False:
Genes contain the necessary information to manufacture protein.
True
Genes contain all the necessary information to manufacture proteins such enzymes and hormones and so on.
In turn, each protein has a specific job to do, such as digesting nutrient, repairing wounds, giving the eyes their color, etc…
Fill in the blank:
Every ____ can exist in different variations and forms.
Gene
Give an exemple:
Every gene can exist in differents variations or forms.
Genes responsible for eye color can render the eyes blue, green, brown, etc.
or
Genes responsible for hair color produce that is blond, brown, red, black, etc.
Any of these two exemple are ok. Can you think of other exemple?
Explain:
What are dominant genes?
Each genes come in different variant. Ex. Brown vs blue eyes. An individual receive 2 copy of each gene, one from his mom and one from is dad. If both copy of the gene are of the same variant, this variant will be express. If both copy are of different variant, only the dominant one will express itself. For exemple: Brown eyes genes express themselves at the expense of the genes that determine other eye colors.
Are dominant genes always more commun.
True or False:
The greater the number of individuals in a population, the greater the genetic diversity.
TRUE
On the other hand, a small and isolated population is more likely to be less genetically diverse, as are populations in which related individuals breed with one another.
Explain:
Sexual reproduction increase genetic diversity.
Explained evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual rep
The offsprings receives certain genes form it’s mother and certain genes from his father. Each birth is therefore a new opportunity to combine the genes of 2 parents, allowing for new variations within the population.
Which of these (left or right) is the cytoplasm?
The one on the left is the cytoplasm.
Explanation: Cytoplasm refers to the entire intracellular space of a cell, including the organelles, while cytosol specifically refers to the liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
What is this?
A mitochondria.
What is this?
The cellular membrane
You can see the protein channels that allow substances in and out of the cell.
What is this?
Lysosomes
(aka The ecocentre of the cell.)
What is this?
Golgi Apparatus
What is bridging the two strand of the double helix?
The nitrogen bases:
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
What is this?
Nuclear membrane
Define
Chromatid
A chromatid is one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division. The copied strand is attached to the original strand at a spot called the centromere.
Fill the blank
____ ____ increases the capacity of a species to adapt and decreases the risk of extinction.
Genetic diversity
Fill the blank
A ____ is a segment of DNA in which we find genetic information that allows the production of a particular molecule or that determines a specific character.
gene
True or False:
The four types of DNA nucleotides - adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine) are the same for all living species.
True!
the genetic diversity of organisms is based on the **sequence **of nucleotides in their respective genes
Fill the blank
Each living species therefore has its own unique set of genes, which is called a ____.
genome
Fill the blank
A ____ is the condensed version of DNA that forms only during cell division.
Chromosome
Fill the blanks
During _____ _____, chromosomes take the form of a pair of Xs where each of the two branches of an X is called a ____\ _____
cell division
sister chromatid
Fill the blank
_____ is the form in which chromosomes are entangled and folded up on themselves. This form is found outside the phases of nuclear division
Chromatin
True of false
DNA contains all the genetic information of an individual.
True
True or False
The number of chromosomes can vary in healthy individuals of the same species with no genetic abnormalities.
False!
True or False
For each inherited trait, only one gene is involved.
False!
Sometimes a single gene is responsible for an inherited trait, and in other cases several genes are linked to the same trait.
Fill the blank:
At the beginning of cell division, the DNA strands coil and condense to form ____
Chromosomes
True or False
Chromatoid are exact copies of each other.
True.
Fill the blank:
(In the diploid cells), humans have ___\
23 pairs of chromosomes
Fill the blanks:
23rd pair is ___ for females and ___ for males
XX for females
XY for males
Identify
Process in which cells multiply to ensure growth and to repair tissue
Mitosis
Define:
Diploid Cells
Diploid cells have 2 sets of chromosomes - one from the mother and one from the father. Diploid cells are formed during mitosis.
Describe
Prophase
1.Phase 1 of Mitosis
- Chromosomes are formed (DNA strands arecondensed)
- Nuclear membrane disappears
Describe
Metaphase
1.Phase 2 of Mitosis 2.Chromosomes align at the center of the cel
Name the phase represented in the schema:
The metaphase: Phase 2 of the Mitosis.
Describe
Anaphase
1.Phase 3 of mitosis
2.Chromosomes split at the center to form chromatids
3.Chromatids move away from the center and half go toone side of the cell and half to the other
Name de phase represented in the schema.
Anaphase: Phase 3 of the mitosis.
Describe
Telophase
1.Phase 4 of the mitosis.
2.A new nuclear membrane forms
3.DNA uncoils and separates into strands
4.Organelles & cytosol are evenly dividedCells divide into 2 daughter cells each with 23 pairs of chromosomes
Name the phase represente in the schema:
Telophase
Define
Meiosis
The process in which female and male gametes areproduced in order for reproduction to take place(production of gametes for reproduction)
Define
Haploid cells
Haploid cells (or sex cells) only contain 1 set of chromosomes.
How many chromosomes in a human diploid cell.
46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Define
Tissue
A group of similar cells that function together as a unit to accomplish specific functions.
Similar, but not necessarily identical
True or False
All cells of a tissue must be identical.
False
A tissue is a group of cells, whether identical or not, contributing to the same function in the body. Therefore, it is not necessary for all cells to be identical to constitute a tissue.
True or False:
To be considered a tissue, the cells must adhere to each other. The adhesion is the result of either a substance covering the cells or from an intertwining of fibres between the cells.
True!
Adhesion is an important characteristic of tissue cells
Name:
4 types of tissues
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Where is the epithelial tissue found?
It covers and protects organs on the inside and outside of the body
1. skin
2. salivary gland
3. small intestine
4. kidney
Describe
Role of the epithelial tissue
The epithelial tissue secrets, absorbs and filters substances.
Identify:
The most common type of tissue found throughout the body.
The connective tissue
Give 5 exemples
Connective tissue
ex1: tendons
ex2: cartilage
ex3: fatty tissue
ex4: bone tissue
ex5:blood tissue
Describe
What is the role of the connective tissue
The connective tissue binds (connects) and supports tissues and organs in the body.
Identify:
2 characteristics of the muscle tissue
- It can contract and regain it’s shape so body can move.
- The contraction can be volontary or involontary.
Identify
Tissue made up of neurons
Nervous tissue
Identify
Type of tissue found outside of the body (ex: skin)
The epithelial tissue
Identify
Tissue that line the respiratory tract
The endothelial tissue
True or false
Blood is a type of connective tissue
True!
Name
Muscle tissue whose contractions are involontary
Cardiac muscle tissue (ie, the heart)
Identify:
3 types of muscle tissue
- Skeletal muscle tissue (attached to bones)
- Smooth muscle tissue
- Cardia muscle tissue
identify
3 organs where smooth muscle tissue plays a role
It the lining of organs that contact like
1. stomack
2. bladder
3. uterus
4. some blood vessels
Describe:
The fonction of nerve tissue
Control and guide the activities of the body so message can go from the brain to other parts of the body.
FIll the blank
The functions of the ____ tissue consist in receiving external stimuli, analyzing them, and transmitting a response
Nervous tissue
What kind of tissue is this:
Nervous tissue
Fill the blank:
____ tissue is made up of elongated cells that have the ability to contract.
Muscle tissue
Identify
3 locations where nerve tissue can be found
- brain
- nerves
- spinal cord
Define
Organs
A group of two or more different tissue types that perform one or more specific functions.
GIve exemples
Organs
- stomach
- heart
- lungs
A structure composed of tissues grouped together to perform one or more specific functions is called an ____.
organ.
Define
Systems
A group of tissues and organs that work together to accomlish a common task.
FIlls the blanks
A ____ is a group of ____ and ____ working together to accomplish a ____.
system
tissues
organs
common purpose.
Fill the blank:
SPECIALIZED CELLS that perform a common function are called ____
tissues
various types of ____ can form an ____, which can form systems, which in turn form an ____, in this case, a human being.
tissue
organ,
systems,
organism,
Describe:
The role of the cardiac system
The cardiac system
1. circulates blood
2. tansports nutrients
3. eliminates waste
Describe:
The role of the digestive system
Breaks down and absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste.
Describe:
The role of the excretory system
Makes sure that waste leaves the body
Describe
The role of the lymphatic system
Works with the immune system to fight foreign microorganisms
Describe
The role of the musculoskeletal system
Gives body support and mobility
Describe
The role of the nervous system
Controls entire organism (and makes thought and memory possible)
Describe
The role of the reproductive system
Allows sexual reproduction to happen
Describe:
The role of the respiratory system
Helps the body absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Identify this system
The respiratory system
